This paper mainly explores the architectural form of the interior of Maiji Mountain’s Cave 4 and the spiritual realm it establishes.Previous research holds the view that the niche within Cave 4 is architecturally mod...This paper mainly explores the architectural form of the interior of Maiji Mountain’s Cave 4 and the spiritual realm it establishes.Previous research holds the view that the niche within Cave 4 is architecturally modeled after a tent-like structure.However,after in-depth research,this paper suggests that the niche in Cave 4 is more of an imitation of an embedded stupa,or rather,it reconstructs the stupa in an embedded form within the cave.In prior studies,analysis historical background and architectural details of Cave 4 remains inadequate,thus,this paper aims to take a thorough investigation on this point,and further clarify the significance of the form of the Buddha niche in Cave 4,as well as its construction design origins.Specifically,the octagonal wooden-imitating column,lotus-shaped clamp,inverted lotus pedestal,five lotus petals,and shadow sculptures within the niche,the shallow-relief ceiling and small platform outside the niche,as well as the banana leaf decorations,all suggest that the architectural form Cave 4 imitates is likely a single-story wooden stupa.In this way,the connection that this embedded stupa creates between the Budda and the faithful,is more direct and intimate,especially compared to the one built in traditional Buddhist activities.Moreover,by coordinating with various visual materials inside the cave,such as the layout of the Dharma assembly and the exquisite details of the Buddha images,it reconstructs the“realm of the mind”in Buddhism,reinforcing the faithful’s dual experience both in physical and spiritual fields.The Master Teacher Studio of basic education came into being with the new curriculum reform,which has become a new mechanism for the construction of teaching staff in social situations in China.As a brand-new way in the construction of teaching staff in the new era,through reviewing the relevant research,it is found that the focus of academic circles on Master Teacher Studio is mainly in four aspects:clarifying the conceptual boundary,seeking theoretical support,defining the functional orientation,and exploring status quo of development.The exploration of the research process is not only a process of summary but also a process of reflection.By reviewing relevant research,reflecting on the problems that have appeared in the process of building the Master Teacher Studio in basic education,clarify the development path of the Master Teacher Studio and further affirm its advantages to the construction of teaching staff in the Chinese context.展开更多
A seismic assessment of two multi-tier pagodas by numerical analysis is presented herein.The Changu Narayan temple and the Kumbeshwar temple in Nepal are used as the case studies.Both pagodas are built of brick masonr...A seismic assessment of two multi-tier pagodas by numerical analysis is presented herein.The Changu Narayan temple and the Kumbeshwar temple in Nepal are used as the case studies.Both pagodas are built of brick masonry in earthen mortar,with timber columns and crossbeams.The Changu Narayan temple is a two-tier pagoda,and was seriously damaged during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.The Kumbeshwar temple is a five-tier pagoda,and its top-tier collapsed due to the Gorkha earthquake.A seismic assessment was carried out using finite element(FE)analysis.The FE models were prepared,and dynamic identification tests and penetrometer tests were conducted.Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed as part of the seismic assessment.The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was considered as the input accelerograms.The behavior between the two pagodas was compared with the collapse mechanisms and damage patterns observed in the actual structures.The comparison suggested common structural features of multi-tier pagodas.This study is dedicated to providing a better understanding of the seismic behavior of multi-tier pagoda-type structures and provides suggestions for their effective analysis.展开更多
It is significant to take a non-destructive inspection, one of advanced techniques, for detecting the internal structure and the present status of ancient cultural relics. The results detected by geotomography in Ying...It is significant to take a non-destructive inspection, one of advanced techniques, for detecting the internal structure and the present status of ancient cultural relics. The results detected by geotomography in Yingxian timber pagoda, Shanxi Province, are presented in this paper. The embankment in the stepped foundation shows a three circular structure in horizontal: the circular platform core is hard, homogenous and unharmed, out of which there are some radial collapsed grooves. The middle circle with a thickness of 2 to 4 m is a compacted layer and its loading capacity decreases then. The outer protective layer has a larger porosity and a weak loading capacity. An abnormal body is found out in the core, which has a circular shape and a reverse high-absorption coefficient in the shallow part, but appears a long-band shape and a low-absorption coefficient in the deep part. It might be a disturbance caused by artificial activities: the shallow part is probably a channel filled with loosen soil and the deep part is a hidden cave. It is found that the foundation of the courtyard is homogenous and integrated. Two soft and weakened areas in the north are related to the long-term run-off and drainage of groundwater. The inclination of the timber pagoda to the northwest and northeast relates to several factors, such as the inherited subsidence of the northern foundation, the lower loading capacity of the outer stepped foundation, seismic activity and timber deformation.No.2 FENG R.et al.: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION BY GEOTOMOGRAPHY展开更多
The Square Pagoda Garden in Songjiang designed by Mr. Feng Jizhong is a model work of Chinese garden and modern architecture. Its basic pattern embodies the core idea of “with the old to be new”. This study mainly i...The Square Pagoda Garden in Songjiang designed by Mr. Feng Jizhong is a model work of Chinese garden and modern architecture. Its basic pattern embodies the core idea of “with the old to be new”. This study mainly interpreted the Square Pagoda Garden from two dimensions of garden space and architectural structure, analyzed the unique creative characteristics and design ideas of the Square Pagoda Garden in combination with the characteristics of traditional Chinese garden architecture, and explored the “old” and “new” in the design of the Square Pagoda Garden.展开更多
Pagoda successfully created the " exclusive shop" model in the fruit industry,and now it is the world's largest fruit chain retailer,creating the miracle of fruit sales. Behind the miracle is the innovat...Pagoda successfully created the " exclusive shop" model in the fruit industry,and now it is the world's largest fruit chain retailer,creating the miracle of fruit sales. Behind the miracle is the innovation of fruit industrialization,that is,the retail-pull industrialization,which realizes the farmers' income increase,consumer satisfaction and sustainable business development,and also promotes the upgrade and development of fruit industry in China. The retail-pull industrialization business model has important reference significance for the fresh industry of China.展开更多
Geomantic pagodas are evolved from Buddhist pagodas in the history of China. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people attached importance to the imperial examination, so they were keen on construction of geomantic p...Geomantic pagodas are evolved from Buddhist pagodas in the history of China. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people attached importance to the imperial examination, so they were keen on construction of geomantic pagodas in landscapes to pray for good luck. This phenomenon was more obvious in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Jiangxi. In this paper, the location and spatiotemporal distribution of geomantic pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi were studied by using Google Earth and Arc GIS, combining with ASTER GDEM data. In addition, the effects of elevation, topographic profile and slope on site selection of geomantic pagodas were investigated to sum up the distribution and space environment characteristics of geomantic pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi, explore the relationship between geomantic pagodas structure and city landscape, and investigate the effects of spatio-temporal distribution of geomantic pagodas on city pattern.展开更多
This paper introduced the origin of the Kuishan Pagoda and its role in "increasing architectural achievements and reinforcing scenic sights" of Xuzhou from the perspective of the city’s Fengshui (geomancy)....This paper introduced the origin of the Kuishan Pagoda and its role in "increasing architectural achievements and reinforcing scenic sights" of Xuzhou from the perspective of the city’s Fengshui (geomancy).The round base of the pagoda was 16.7 meters in diameter.The octagonal pagoda had seven stories,with a height of 67 meters.Each story had 4 doors that face each other in pairs.From the second to the seventh story,the pagoda was decorated with brick-carved waist eaves,cornices,rafters,upward angles and tile ranges,which were rigorously and strictly designed and distributed.The outward-pointing waist eaves were narrow and short and boast exquisite shapes.The top of the pagoda pointed skywards and was decorated with interlayered metal wheels.The pagoda top with metal wheels appeared magnificent and demonstrated exquisite craftsmanship,adding a particularly imposing atmosphere to the pagoda.展开更多
Ancient mechanical clocks and automatons are solid evidence regarding the evolution of technological development.At least four ingenious eighteenth-century clocks with pagoda automatons are preserved in the Palace Mus...Ancient mechanical clocks and automatons are solid evidence regarding the evolution of technological development.At least four ingenious eighteenth-century clocks with pagoda automatons are preserved in the Palace Museum in Beijing.Two were made in China,the other two in Britain.Although the internal mechanical components were maintained and recorded in the late twentieth century,their mechanism structure is mostly not made available to the public owing to the historical value of these artefacts.This study introduces feasible mechanism structures for the four pagoda automatons based on published works,along with considerations of mechanical design.Five subsystems of the clocks are analyzed,and two mechanisms of the pagoda automaton are illustrated.In particular,feasible mechanisms of the four pagoda automatons for raising their stories are explained.The analysis procedure presented in this paper expands the feasibility of reconstruction work on ancient mechanisms with unknown structures.展开更多
With the ongoing advancement of human civilization,China is increasingly prioritizing the preservation and transmission of its architectural heritage.This study examines the historical development of the Longevity Pag...With the ongoing advancement of human civilization,China is increasingly prioritizing the preservation and transmission of its architectural heritage.This study examines the historical development of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou,synthesizing its architectural and artistic characteristics as well as its cultural heritage value.In light of contemporary challenges,the paper proposes strategies for the protection and preservation of the Longevity Pagoda.The aim is to ensure that the Longevity Pagoda continues to realize its distinctive historical,cultural,and social significance in the future.展开更多
文摘This paper mainly explores the architectural form of the interior of Maiji Mountain’s Cave 4 and the spiritual realm it establishes.Previous research holds the view that the niche within Cave 4 is architecturally modeled after a tent-like structure.However,after in-depth research,this paper suggests that the niche in Cave 4 is more of an imitation of an embedded stupa,or rather,it reconstructs the stupa in an embedded form within the cave.In prior studies,analysis historical background and architectural details of Cave 4 remains inadequate,thus,this paper aims to take a thorough investigation on this point,and further clarify the significance of the form of the Buddha niche in Cave 4,as well as its construction design origins.Specifically,the octagonal wooden-imitating column,lotus-shaped clamp,inverted lotus pedestal,five lotus petals,and shadow sculptures within the niche,the shallow-relief ceiling and small platform outside the niche,as well as the banana leaf decorations,all suggest that the architectural form Cave 4 imitates is likely a single-story wooden stupa.In this way,the connection that this embedded stupa creates between the Budda and the faithful,is more direct and intimate,especially compared to the one built in traditional Buddhist activities.Moreover,by coordinating with various visual materials inside the cave,such as the layout of the Dharma assembly and the exquisite details of the Buddha images,it reconstructs the“realm of the mind”in Buddhism,reinforcing the faithful’s dual experience both in physical and spiritual fields.The Master Teacher Studio of basic education came into being with the new curriculum reform,which has become a new mechanism for the construction of teaching staff in social situations in China.As a brand-new way in the construction of teaching staff in the new era,through reviewing the relevant research,it is found that the focus of academic circles on Master Teacher Studio is mainly in four aspects:clarifying the conceptual boundary,seeking theoretical support,defining the functional orientation,and exploring status quo of development.The exploration of the research process is not only a process of summary but also a process of reflection.By reviewing relevant research,reflecting on the problems that have appeared in the process of building the Master Teacher Studio in basic education,clarify the development path of the Master Teacher Studio and further affirm its advantages to the construction of teaching staff in the Chinese context.
基金Funding of Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research(A)Provided by the Japan Society for the Promotion of the Science under Grant No.16H01825。
文摘A seismic assessment of two multi-tier pagodas by numerical analysis is presented herein.The Changu Narayan temple and the Kumbeshwar temple in Nepal are used as the case studies.Both pagodas are built of brick masonry in earthen mortar,with timber columns and crossbeams.The Changu Narayan temple is a two-tier pagoda,and was seriously damaged during the 2015 Gorkha earthquake.The Kumbeshwar temple is a five-tier pagoda,and its top-tier collapsed due to the Gorkha earthquake.A seismic assessment was carried out using finite element(FE)analysis.The FE models were prepared,and dynamic identification tests and penetrometer tests were conducted.Pushover analysis and nonlinear dynamic analysis were performed as part of the seismic assessment.The main shock of the 2015 Gorkha earthquake was considered as the input accelerograms.The behavior between the two pagodas was compared with the collapse mechanisms and damage patterns observed in the actual structures.The comparison suggested common structural features of multi-tier pagodas.This study is dedicated to providing a better understanding of the seismic behavior of multi-tier pagoda-type structures and provides suggestions for their effective analysis.
文摘It is significant to take a non-destructive inspection, one of advanced techniques, for detecting the internal structure and the present status of ancient cultural relics. The results detected by geotomography in Yingxian timber pagoda, Shanxi Province, are presented in this paper. The embankment in the stepped foundation shows a three circular structure in horizontal: the circular platform core is hard, homogenous and unharmed, out of which there are some radial collapsed grooves. The middle circle with a thickness of 2 to 4 m is a compacted layer and its loading capacity decreases then. The outer protective layer has a larger porosity and a weak loading capacity. An abnormal body is found out in the core, which has a circular shape and a reverse high-absorption coefficient in the shallow part, but appears a long-band shape and a low-absorption coefficient in the deep part. It might be a disturbance caused by artificial activities: the shallow part is probably a channel filled with loosen soil and the deep part is a hidden cave. It is found that the foundation of the courtyard is homogenous and integrated. Two soft and weakened areas in the north are related to the long-term run-off and drainage of groundwater. The inclination of the timber pagoda to the northwest and northeast relates to several factors, such as the inherited subsidence of the northern foundation, the lower loading capacity of the outer stepped foundation, seismic activity and timber deformation.No.2 FENG R.et al.: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION BY GEOTOMOGRAPHY
文摘The Square Pagoda Garden in Songjiang designed by Mr. Feng Jizhong is a model work of Chinese garden and modern architecture. Its basic pattern embodies the core idea of “with the old to be new”. This study mainly interpreted the Square Pagoda Garden from two dimensions of garden space and architectural structure, analyzed the unique creative characteristics and design ideas of the Square Pagoda Garden in combination with the characteristics of traditional Chinese garden architecture, and explored the “old” and “new” in the design of the Square Pagoda Garden.
文摘Pagoda successfully created the " exclusive shop" model in the fruit industry,and now it is the world's largest fruit chain retailer,creating the miracle of fruit sales. Behind the miracle is the innovation of fruit industrialization,that is,the retail-pull industrialization,which realizes the farmers' income increase,consumer satisfaction and sustainable business development,and also promotes the upgrade and development of fruit industry in China. The retail-pull industrialization business model has important reference significance for the fresh industry of China.
基金Sponsored by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51608007)Young Top-notch Talent Cultivation Project of North China University of Technology
文摘Geomantic pagodas are evolved from Buddhist pagodas in the history of China. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, people attached importance to the imperial examination, so they were keen on construction of geomantic pagodas in landscapes to pray for good luck. This phenomenon was more obvious in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Jiangxi. In this paper, the location and spatiotemporal distribution of geomantic pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi were studied by using Google Earth and Arc GIS, combining with ASTER GDEM data. In addition, the effects of elevation, topographic profile and slope on site selection of geomantic pagodas were investigated to sum up the distribution and space environment characteristics of geomantic pagodas in Guangdong and Jiangxi, explore the relationship between geomantic pagodas structure and city landscape, and investigate the effects of spatio-temporal distribution of geomantic pagodas on city pattern.
文摘This paper introduced the origin of the Kuishan Pagoda and its role in "increasing architectural achievements and reinforcing scenic sights" of Xuzhou from the perspective of the city’s Fengshui (geomancy).The round base of the pagoda was 16.7 meters in diameter.The octagonal pagoda had seven stories,with a height of 67 meters.Each story had 4 doors that face each other in pairs.From the second to the seventh story,the pagoda was decorated with brick-carved waist eaves,cornices,rafters,upward angles and tile ranges,which were rigorously and strictly designed and distributed.The outward-pointing waist eaves were narrow and short and boast exquisite shapes.The top of the pagoda pointed skywards and was decorated with interlayered metal wheels.The pagoda top with metal wheels appeared magnificent and demonstrated exquisite craftsmanship,adding a particularly imposing atmosphere to the pagoda.
基金the collaborative research program between the Science Museum in London,Beijing Jiaotong University,and the Institute for the History of Natural Sciences(Chinese Academy of Sciences)on“Time,Culture and Identity:The Co-Creation of Historical Research and Co-Development of Visitor Experience in China and the UK”supported by the UK’s Arts and Humanities Research Council
文摘Ancient mechanical clocks and automatons are solid evidence regarding the evolution of technological development.At least four ingenious eighteenth-century clocks with pagoda automatons are preserved in the Palace Museum in Beijing.Two were made in China,the other two in Britain.Although the internal mechanical components were maintained and recorded in the late twentieth century,their mechanism structure is mostly not made available to the public owing to the historical value of these artefacts.This study introduces feasible mechanism structures for the four pagoda automatons based on published works,along with considerations of mechanical design.Five subsystems of the clocks are analyzed,and two mechanisms of the pagoda automaton are illustrated.In particular,feasible mechanisms of the four pagoda automatons for raising their stories are explained.The analysis procedure presented in this paper expands the feasibility of reconstruction work on ancient mechanisms with unknown structures.
文摘With the ongoing advancement of human civilization,China is increasingly prioritizing the preservation and transmission of its architectural heritage.This study examines the historical development of the Longevity Pagoda in Jingzhou,synthesizing its architectural and artistic characteristics as well as its cultural heritage value.In light of contemporary challenges,the paper proposes strategies for the protection and preservation of the Longevity Pagoda.The aim is to ensure that the Longevity Pagoda continues to realize its distinctive historical,cultural,and social significance in the future.
