Eco-tourism theories were taken as the instruction in this study,qualitative and quantitative research methods were also combined to investigate and conduct questionnaire processing to nearby residents of 10 eco-touri...Eco-tourism theories were taken as the instruction in this study,qualitative and quantitative research methods were also combined to investigate and conduct questionnaire processing to nearby residents of 10 eco-tourism scenic areas in south Shaanxi Province,so as to quantify and evaluate the various effects at different levels of eco-tourism development on tourism destinations in this region.Particularly,the quantitative value and weight value of economic,social and environmental effects were utilized to quantify,analyze and evaluate the comprehensive effects generated by eco-tourism development in south Shaanxi Province.It was found that the comprehensive effects were 'good',however,these 3 kinds of effects have not been coordinated well,thus the characteristics and requirements of eco-tourism have not been well demonstrated.展开更多
China＇s southwestern special terrain pattern as parallel arrangement between lon- gitudinal towering mountains and deep valleys has significant effects on the differentiation of local natural environment and eco-geog...China＇s southwestern special terrain pattern as parallel arrangement between lon- gitudinal towering mountains and deep valleys has significant effects on the differentiation of local natural environment and eco-geographical pattern in this region. The 1：50,000 Digital Elevation Model （DEM） data of Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, meteorological observation data from the station establishment to 2010, hydrological observation data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and Net Primary Productivity （NPP） products of MOD13 and MOD17 as well as 1：1,000,000 vegetation type data were used. Moisture in- dices including surface atmospheric vapor content, precipitation, aridity/humidity index, sur- face runoff, and temperature indices including average temperature, annual accumulated temperature, total solar radiation were selected. Based on ANUSPLIN spline function, GIS spatial analysis, wavelet analysis and landscape pattern analysis, regional differentiation characteristics and main-control factors of hydrothermal pattern, ecosystem structure and function in this region were analyzed to reveal the effects of terrain pattern o~ regional dif- ferentiation of eco-geographical elements. The results show that： influenced by terrain pattern moisture, temperature and heat in LRGR have shown significant distribution cllaracteristics as intermittent weft differences and continuous warp extension. Longitudinal mountains and valleys not only have a north-south corridor function and diffusion effect on the transfer of major surface materials and energy, but also have east-west barrier function and blocking effect. Special topographic pattern has important influences on vegetation landscape diversity and spatiat pattern of ecosystem structure and function, which is the main-control factor on vegetation landscape diversity and spatial distribution of ecosystem. Wavelet variance analysis reflects the spatial anisotropy of environmental factors, NDVI and NPP, while wavelet consistency analysis reveals the control factors on spatial distribution of NDVI and NPP as well as the quantitative relationship with control degree. Special terrain pattern in LRGR is the major influencing factor on eco-geographical regional differentiation in this region. Under the combined effect of zonality and non-zonality laws with ＂corridor-barrier＂ functior as the main characteristic, special spatial characteristics of eco-geographical regional system in LRGR is formed.展开更多
Mega-urban agglomerations are strategic core areas for national economic development and the main regions of new urbanization. They also have important roles in shifting the global economic center of gravity to China....Mega-urban agglomerations are strategic core areas for national economic development and the main regions of new urbanization. They also have important roles in shifting the global economic center of gravity to China. However, the development of mega-urban agglomerations has triggered the interactive coercion between resources and the eco-envi- ronment. The interactive coupled effects between urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations represent frontier and high-priority research topics in the field of Earth system science over the next decade. In this paper, we carried out systematic theo- retical analysis of the interactive coupling mechanisms and coercing effects between ur- banization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. In detail, we analyzed the nonlinear-coupled relationships and the coupling characteristics between natural and human elements in mega-urban agglomerations. We also investigated the interactive coercion intensities between internal and external elements, and the mechanisms and patterns of local couplings and telecouplings in mega-urban agglomeration systems, which are affected by key internal and external control elements. In addition, we proposed the interactive coupling theory on urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. Furthermore we established a spatiotemporal dynamic coupling model with multi-element, multi-scale, multi-scenario, multi-module and multi-agent integrations, which can be used to develop an intelligent decision support system for sustainable development of mega-urban agglomera- tions. In general, our research may provide theoretical guidance and method support to solve problems related to mega-urban agglomerations and maintain their sustainable development.展开更多
Global urbanization is exerting severe stress and having far-reaching impacts on the eco-environment, and yet there exists a complex non-linear coupling relationship between the two. Research on the interactive coupli...Global urbanization is exerting severe stress and having far-reaching impacts on the eco-environment, and yet there exists a complex non-linear coupling relationship between the two. Research on the interactive coupling effect between urbanization and the eco-environment will be a popular area of study and frontier in international earth system science and sustainability science in the next 10 years, while also being a high-priority research topic of particular interest to international organizations. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the international progress made in research on interactive coupling theory, coupling relationships, coupling mechanisms, coupling laws, coupling thresholds, coupling models and coupling optimization decision support systems. The research shows that urbanization and eco-environment interactive coupling theories include the Kuznets curve theory, telecoupling theory, planetary boundaries theory, footprint family theory and urban metabolism theory; most research on interactive coupling relationships is concerned with single- element coupling relationships, such as those between urbanization and water, land, atmosphere, climate change, ecosystems and biodiversity; the majority of research on interactive coupling mechanisms and laws focuses on five research paradigms, including coupled human and nature systems, complex social-ecological systems, urban ecosystems, social-economic-natural complex ecosystems, and urbanization development and eco-environment constraint ring; the majority of interactive coupling simulations use STIRPAT models, coupling degree models, multi-agent system models and big data urban computer models; and research has been carried out on urbanization and eco-environment coupling thresholds, coercing risk and optimal decision support systems. An objective evaluation of progress in international research on interactive coupling between urbanization and the eco-environment suggests that there are six main research focal points and six areas lacking research： a lot of research exists on macroscopic coupling effects, with little research on urban agglomeration and scale coupling effects; considerable research exists on sin-gle-dimension coupling effects, with little on multiple-dimension coupling effects; a great deal exists on ＂one-to-one＂ dual- element coupling effects, with little on ＂many-to-many＂ multiple-element coupling effects; a lot exists on positive feedback coupling effects, and little on negative feedback coupling effects; a great deal exists on empirical coupling effects, and little on theoretical coupling effects; a great deal exists on the use of simple quantitative methods, and little on using integrated simulation methods. Future studies should focus on coupling effects between urbanization in urban agglomerations and the eco-environment, spatial scale coupling effects, multi-dimensional coupling effects, telecoupling effects, ＂one-to-many＂ and ＂many-to-many＂ element coupling effects, and positive and negative feedback coupling effects. There is also a need to strengthen the development and application of dynamic models for multi-element,-scale,-scenario,-module and-agent integrated spatiotemporal coupling systems and further improve theoretical innovations in coupling effect research and integrate and form complete and diverse coupling theoretical systems.展开更多
Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Vall...Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.展开更多
Almost half the world is suffering from drought at different levels. Since arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by extreme shortage and precipitation uncertainty, water availability is the most impo~.nt limiti...Almost half the world is suffering from drought at different levels. Since arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by extreme shortage and precipitation uncertainty, water availability is the most impo~.nt limiting factor in arid lands, and any additional source of moisture, such as condensation water, may have a positive impact upon the ecosystem. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out on condensation. Based on articles and relevant documents on the subject, this paper reviews systemati- cally and comprehensively the latest research achievements in several main aspects, including eco-hydrological effects of condensation water on plants, small animals, microbiotic crusts, soil moisture balance, ground water recharge and anthropo- genic utilization. History and trends of research about eco-hydrological effects of condensation water are intensively analyzed in order to summarize existing problems and offer opinions and suggestions for future study.展开更多
To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, ...To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.展开更多
With the rapid development of eco-tourism and "happy farmhouse" tourism, eco-tourism manor had received more attentions and developed vigorously. The paper had proposed the concept of eco-tourism manor, and ...With the rapid development of eco-tourism and "happy farmhouse" tourism, eco-tourism manor had received more attentions and developed vigorously. The paper had proposed the concept of eco-tourism manor, and studied its design and project planning based on the analysis of development situation, existing problems and development opportunities of eco-tourism manor in China. Then, it had analyzed the economic, social and environmental effects. Finally, in view of problems existing in eco-tourism and "happy farmhouse" tourism development, countermeasures and methods for eco-tourism manor development had been proposed from the perspective of financing channels, planning design, residents' benefits, service facilities and management, so as to provide a guidance for planning, construction and development of eco-tourism manor.展开更多
The recent research development of urban eco-landscape forest was reviewed from the perspectives of species selection,planning and design,scenic beauty evaluation,beauty induction of forest and effectiveness monitorin...The recent research development of urban eco-landscape forest was reviewed from the perspectives of species selection,planning and design,scenic beauty evaluation,beauty induction of forest and effectiveness monitoring,etc..Moreover,research status,problems as well as future trend of eco-landscape forest abroad were analyzed to provide technical supports for the healthy development of urban eco-landscape forest in China.展开更多
数据中心交流不间断电源(Uninterruptible Power Supply,UPS)系统大多使用在线双变换模式,供电时需要经历逆变、整流两次转换,会在一定程度上损耗电能。合理利用ECO旁路模式能够使UPS的能效得到提升,从而降低数据中心的电源使用效率(Pow...数据中心交流不间断电源(Uninterruptible Power Supply,UPS)系统大多使用在线双变换模式,供电时需要经历逆变、整流两次转换,会在一定程度上损耗电能。合理利用ECO旁路模式能够使UPS的能效得到提升,从而降低数据中心的电源使用效率(Power Usage Effectiveness,PUE)。基于此,首先简单阐述UPS系统的工作模式,其次分析ECO模式的可行性,最后开展ECO模式测试,希望能够进一步明确数据中心应用UPS系统ECO旁路模式的优越性,为相关人员开展工作提供参考。展开更多
文摘Eco-tourism theories were taken as the instruction in this study,qualitative and quantitative research methods were also combined to investigate and conduct questionnaire processing to nearby residents of 10 eco-tourism scenic areas in south Shaanxi Province,so as to quantify and evaluate the various effects at different levels of eco-tourism development on tourism destinations in this region.Particularly,the quantitative value and weight value of economic,social and environmental effects were utilized to quantify,analyze and evaluate the comprehensive effects generated by eco-tourism development in south Shaanxi Province.It was found that the comprehensive effects were 'good',however,these 3 kinds of effects have not been coordinated well,thus the characteristics and requirements of eco-tourism have not been well demonstrated.
基金National Basic Research Program of China,No.2003CB415101
文摘China＇s southwestern special terrain pattern as parallel arrangement between lon- gitudinal towering mountains and deep valleys has significant effects on the differentiation of local natural environment and eco-geographical pattern in this region. The 1：50,000 Digital Elevation Model （DEM） data of Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region （LRGR）, meteorological observation data from the station establishment to 2010, hydrological observation data, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index （NDVI） and Net Primary Productivity （NPP） products of MOD13 and MOD17 as well as 1：1,000,000 vegetation type data were used. Moisture in- dices including surface atmospheric vapor content, precipitation, aridity/humidity index, sur- face runoff, and temperature indices including average temperature, annual accumulated temperature, total solar radiation were selected. Based on ANUSPLIN spline function, GIS spatial analysis, wavelet analysis and landscape pattern analysis, regional differentiation characteristics and main-control factors of hydrothermal pattern, ecosystem structure and function in this region were analyzed to reveal the effects of terrain pattern o~ regional dif- ferentiation of eco-geographical elements. The results show that： influenced by terrain pattern moisture, temperature and heat in LRGR have shown significant distribution cllaracteristics as intermittent weft differences and continuous warp extension. Longitudinal mountains and valleys not only have a north-south corridor function and diffusion effect on the transfer of major surface materials and energy, but also have east-west barrier function and blocking effect. Special topographic pattern has important influences on vegetation landscape diversity and spatiat pattern of ecosystem structure and function, which is the main-control factor on vegetation landscape diversity and spatial distribution of ecosystem. Wavelet variance analysis reflects the spatial anisotropy of environmental factors, NDVI and NPP, while wavelet consistency analysis reveals the control factors on spatial distribution of NDVI and NPP as well as the quantitative relationship with control degree. Special terrain pattern in LRGR is the major influencing factor on eco-geographical regional differentiation in this region. Under the combined effect of zonality and non-zonality laws with ＂corridor-barrier＂ functior as the main characteristic, special spatial characteristics of eco-geographical regional system in LRGR is formed.
基金The Major Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.41590840, No.41590842
文摘Mega-urban agglomerations are strategic core areas for national economic development and the main regions of new urbanization. They also have important roles in shifting the global economic center of gravity to China. However, the development of mega-urban agglomerations has triggered the interactive coercion between resources and the eco-envi- ronment. The interactive coupled effects between urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations represent frontier and high-priority research topics in the field of Earth system science over the next decade. In this paper, we carried out systematic theo- retical analysis of the interactive coupling mechanisms and coercing effects between ur- banization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. In detail, we analyzed the nonlinear-coupled relationships and the coupling characteristics between natural and human elements in mega-urban agglomerations. We also investigated the interactive coercion intensities between internal and external elements, and the mechanisms and patterns of local couplings and telecouplings in mega-urban agglomeration systems, which are affected by key internal and external control elements. In addition, we proposed the interactive coupling theory on urbanization and the eco-environment in mega-urban agglomerations. Furthermore we established a spatiotemporal dynamic coupling model with multi-element, multi-scale, multi-scenario, multi-module and multi-agent integrations, which can be used to develop an intelligent decision support system for sustainable development of mega-urban agglomera- tions. In general, our research may provide theoretical guidance and method support to solve problems related to mega-urban agglomerations and maintain their sustainable development.
基金Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.41590840,No.41590842
文摘Global urbanization is exerting severe stress and having far-reaching impacts on the eco-environment, and yet there exists a complex non-linear coupling relationship between the two. Research on the interactive coupling effect between urbanization and the eco-environment will be a popular area of study and frontier in international earth system science and sustainability science in the next 10 years, while also being a high-priority research topic of particular interest to international organizations. This paper systematically collates and summarizes the international progress made in research on interactive coupling theory, coupling relationships, coupling mechanisms, coupling laws, coupling thresholds, coupling models and coupling optimization decision support systems. The research shows that urbanization and eco-environment interactive coupling theories include the Kuznets curve theory, telecoupling theory, planetary boundaries theory, footprint family theory and urban metabolism theory; most research on interactive coupling relationships is concerned with single- element coupling relationships, such as those between urbanization and water, land, atmosphere, climate change, ecosystems and biodiversity; the majority of research on interactive coupling mechanisms and laws focuses on five research paradigms, including coupled human and nature systems, complex social-ecological systems, urban ecosystems, social-economic-natural complex ecosystems, and urbanization development and eco-environment constraint ring; the majority of interactive coupling simulations use STIRPAT models, coupling degree models, multi-agent system models and big data urban computer models; and research has been carried out on urbanization and eco-environment coupling thresholds, coercing risk and optimal decision support systems. An objective evaluation of progress in international research on interactive coupling between urbanization and the eco-environment suggests that there are six main research focal points and six areas lacking research： a lot of research exists on macroscopic coupling effects, with little research on urban agglomeration and scale coupling effects; considerable research exists on sin-gle-dimension coupling effects, with little on multiple-dimension coupling effects; a great deal exists on ＂one-to-one＂ dual- element coupling effects, with little on ＂many-to-many＂ multiple-element coupling effects; a lot exists on positive feedback coupling effects, and little on negative feedback coupling effects; a great deal exists on empirical coupling effects, and little on theoretical coupling effects; a great deal exists on the use of simple quantitative methods, and little on using integrated simulation methods. Future studies should focus on coupling effects between urbanization in urban agglomerations and the eco-environment, spatial scale coupling effects, multi-dimensional coupling effects, telecoupling effects, ＂one-to-many＂ and ＂many-to-many＂ element coupling effects, and positive and negative feedback coupling effects. There is also a need to strengthen the development and application of dynamic models for multi-element,-scale,-scenario,-module and-agent integrated spatiotemporal coupling systems and further improve theoretical innovations in coupling effect research and integrate and form complete and diverse coupling theoretical systems.
基金Social Science Foundation of Hunan Province, No.09YBA003 Science ＆ Technology Research Project of Hunan Province, No.2009JT3005+2 种基金 Knowledge Innovation Project of CAS, No.KZCX2-SW-415 Foundation of Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region Wetland Project of WWF
文摘Eco-compensation is an environmental economic instrument for internalization of external cost. Returning farmland to lake is one of the important parts of restoring wetland ecosystem function in the Yangtze River Valley of China. Whether the project of lake recovery can be successful depends on the compensation to the farmers who have lost their original benefits and contributed to the wetland ecosystem recovery by returning farmland to lake. Aiming at the wetland recovery of the Dongting Lake, the practical implementation of pro- grams of the lake recovery and flood control in this area has been challenged by the heavy task of population resettlement, so it is an ideal area for case studies to reach the academic objectives proposed as the above. Based on field survey and experimentation, this research evaluated the benefit losses of the resettled farmers and the increased values of ecosystem service functions caused by wetland recovery, and furthermore, the value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers was calculated by considering the combination of the farmers＇ compensation appeal. The value of eco-compensation for relocated farmers in the Dongting Lake area was 6084.5 yuan per household by synthetic analysis of the effects on wetland ecosystem restoration. Moreover, this article took Dongting Lake area as a case to study and explore the basic issues of the eco-compensation by returning farmland to lake, that was who should pay, who should be paid, how much the payment was and what the payment means was, which sought the mechanisms of wetland restoration eco-compensation and prompted the people＇s enthusiasms for ecological restoration.
基金supported by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41171026)
文摘Almost half the world is suffering from drought at different levels. Since arid and semi-arid regions are characterized by extreme shortage and precipitation uncertainty, water availability is the most impo~.nt limiting factor in arid lands, and any additional source of moisture, such as condensation water, may have a positive impact upon the ecosystem. Therefore, extensive research has been carried out on condensation. Based on articles and relevant documents on the subject, this paper reviews systemati- cally and comprehensively the latest research achievements in several main aspects, including eco-hydrological effects of condensation water on plants, small animals, microbiotic crusts, soil moisture balance, ground water recharge and anthropo- genic utilization. History and trends of research about eco-hydrological effects of condensation water are intensively analyzed in order to summarize existing problems and offer opinions and suggestions for future study.
基金supported by the MOE (Ministry of Education in China) Project of Humanities and Social Sciences (Grant No. 15XJC790004)Social Science Fund of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. 13SC023)2013 Ph.D Scientific Research Starting Fund of Shaanxi Province (Grant No. Z111021504)
文摘To reverse the continuous deterioration of grassland ecology and to improve the well-being of herders, China has been formulating many national policies on payments for grassland ecological conservation. One of them, the Grassland Eco-compensation Policy(GEP), is the biggest program for grassland protection in China since 1949. The GEP conserves natural grassland by paying herders cash subsidies. It also has worldwide significance because it can increase vegetative cover, improve the ecological balance, increase carbon sequestration and lessen the amount of dust reaching other countries through inhibiting soil erosion. Overall, we find that its ecological and socioeconomic effects are beneficial and further benefits may be observed in the future because while the socioeconomic effects usually appear quickly, ecological effects may take longer to manifest. 2015 is the last year for the first round of the GEP policy implementation and the extended policy for the GEP will be approved and continued by the central government. To make the policy more successful, we suggest coordinated planning, a comprehensive overview, higher compensation and collaborative study. Efficient implementation of the GEP could also provide valuable experience for other eco-compensation programs in China and numerous other regions of the world.
基金Supported by Fund Project of Soft Science of Henan Science and Technology Bureau(102400450238)Bidding Subject of Henan Government Decision Making Research(2011B512)~~
文摘With the rapid development of eco-tourism and "happy farmhouse" tourism, eco-tourism manor had received more attentions and developed vigorously. The paper had proposed the concept of eco-tourism manor, and studied its design and project planning based on the analysis of development situation, existing problems and development opportunities of eco-tourism manor in China. Then, it had analyzed the economic, social and environmental effects. Finally, in view of problems existing in eco-tourism and "happy farmhouse" tourism development, countermeasures and methods for eco-tourism manor development had been proposed from the perspective of financing channels, planning design, residents' benefits, service facilities and management, so as to provide a guidance for planning, construction and development of eco-tourism manor.
文摘The recent research development of urban eco-landscape forest was reviewed from the perspectives of species selection,planning and design,scenic beauty evaluation,beauty induction of forest and effectiveness monitoring,etc..Moreover,research status,problems as well as future trend of eco-landscape forest abroad were analyzed to provide technical supports for the healthy development of urban eco-landscape forest in China.
文摘数据中心交流不间断电源(Uninterruptible Power Supply,UPS)系统大多使用在线双变换模式,供电时需要经历逆变、整流两次转换,会在一定程度上损耗电能。合理利用ECO旁路模式能够使UPS的能效得到提升,从而降低数据中心的电源使用效率(Power Usage Effectiveness,PUE)。基于此,首先简单阐述UPS系统的工作模式,其次分析ECO模式的可行性,最后开展ECO模式测试,希望能够进一步明确数据中心应用UPS系统ECO旁路模式的优越性,为相关人员开展工作提供参考。
