Zirconium,prized for its exceptional corrosion resistance,high melting point,and unique nuclear properties,plays a critical role in multiple industrial sectors globally.Zirconium deposits are categorized into endogene...Zirconium,prized for its exceptional corrosion resistance,high melting point,and unique nuclear properties,plays a critical role in multiple industrial sectors globally.Zirconium deposits are categorized into endogenetic and exogenetic types in China.Endogenetic deposits-including alkaline rock-,alkaline granite-,and pegmatite-type mineralizations-predominantly occur along the Tarim Craton’s northern margin,the North China Craton,the southern Greater Khingan metallogenic belt,and the Yangtze Craton’s western margin.Exogenetic deposits,comprising clastic sedimentary,weathering crust,and fragmentation types,are concentrated in South China’s coastal zones.Endogenetic mineralization formed during Permian-Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal events linked to evolved alkaline granitic systems,while exogenetic deposits developed in Quaternary periods through weathering of zirconium-rich protoliths.However,economic extraction of endogenetic deposits remains constrained by rare earth element(REE)associations and radioactive complexities.Currently,China’s most economically significant reserves derive from clastic sedimentary systems,particularly coastal placer deposits.This study systematically synthesizes the spatial distribution and metallogenic mechanisms of Chinese zirconium deposits,offering strategic insights for resource exploration and sustainable utilization.展开更多
The onshore oil and gas exploration has stepped into a new stage in China, with equal attention paid to both stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs and structural reservoirs. In the past few years, the increases in oil r...The onshore oil and gas exploration has stepped into a new stage in China, with equal attention paid to both stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs and structural reservoirs. In the past few years, the increases in oil reserves in most basins were found mainly in the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs. Latest resource evaluation shows that the onshore stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in China account for 42% of the total remaining resource, the highest in the four major exploration regions. Therefore, these reservoirs will be the most practical, potential and prevalent fields for long-lasting oil and gas exploration in onshore China. Among PetroChina's annual oil geologic reserves of 4.3 × 108t^4.6× 108t, the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs account for more than 50%. In such basins as Songliao, Ordos, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Tarim, Sichuan and Erlian basins, stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs with geologic reserves ranging from 5×107t to 3×108t were discovered, including Ansai, Jing'an, Daqingzijing, Liuxi, well-21 area in Shinan, and Hadexun. Stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in the four types of inland basins differ from each other in the formation conditions and the distribution patterns. While continental basins are controlled by unconformity surface, maximum flooding surface and fracture surface, the Paleozoic marine basins are influenced by paleouplift, unconformity surface, and fluctuation of the sea level. Through exploration practices and research, PetroChina has formed its own technique series focused on 3-D seismics and sequence stratigraphy.展开更多
History of uranium exploration and the general situation of identified uranium resources in China are introduced briefly in the paper,and the feature of uranium resources is summarized as"a large number of deposi...History of uranium exploration and the general situation of identified uranium resources in China are introduced briefly in the paper,and the feature of uranium resources is summarized as"a large number of deposits,good ore processing properties and centralized occurrence"which should be considered as the advantages.In accordance with the fact that the exploration level of uranium resources is quite low in China,it is pointed out that exploration investment must be intensified from now on to identify more uranium concentrated bases which occurring of middle to large size uranium deposit in order to meet the demand of natural uranium from nuclear power sector.Besides,major scientific and technological achievements on uranium exploration during the past fifty years are elaborated in the paper.According to the exploration ability and uranium resources potential in China,it is believed that uranium exploration can realize the goal of"getting break through both at home and abroad"and meet the requirement of nuclear industry to uranium resources in China by carrying out the uranium resources exploration strategy of"rooted in domestic and opening up abroad".展开更多
With the continuous development and progress of society, geological prospecting and resource exploration have also put forward new requirements. At present, the most critical technology in geological prospecting and r...With the continuous development and progress of society, geological prospecting and resource exploration have also put forward new requirements. At present, the most critical technology in geological prospecting and resource exploration is geophysical exploration technology. The level of geophysical exploration technology itself has a very direct relationship with the ability of engineers and technicians, and will also directly affect the accuracy of geological resource exploration. Therefore, relevant operators and technicians should also strengthen the operation and application of geophysical exploration technology, fully grasp and utilize its principles, improve work efficiency, select scientific and reasonable geophysical exploration technology, and carry out exploration and analysis of resources. This paper mainly analyzes the basic principles of geophysical exploration technology, as well as the principles and techniques of the specific application of geophysical exploration technology in geological exploration, and carefully analyzes and explores the relevant principles.展开更多
Well Taiye 1 in the Fuling area of the eastern Sichuan Basin has obtained a high-yield industrial gas flow(7.5×10^(4) m^(3)/d gas and 9.8 m^(3)/d oil)from the Middle Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation,presenting a g...Well Taiye 1 in the Fuling area of the eastern Sichuan Basin has obtained a high-yield industrial gas flow(7.5×10^(4) m^(3)/d gas and 9.8 m^(3)/d oil)from the Middle Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation,presenting a good test production effects,which means the realization of a major breakthrough in the exploration of Jurassic lacustrine shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin.In order to further determine the exploration potential of lacustrine shale oil and gas in this area and realize the large-scale efficient development and utilization of lacustrine shale oil and gas,this paper analyzes the geological conditions for the accumulation of lacustrine shale oil and gas in this area by using the drilling data of 10 key wells,such as wells Taiye 1 and Fuye 10.Then,the main factors controlling the enrichment of lacustrine shale oil and gas are discussed,and the exploration potential and favorable target zones of Jurassic lacustrine shale oil and gas in the Fuling area are defined.And the following research results are obtained.First,the quality Jurassic semi-deep lake shale in the Fuling area is characterized by high organic matter abundance,high porosity and high gas content,and it is the geological base of shale oil and gas enrichment.Second,the developed large wide and gentle syncline,good preservation condition and higher pressure coefficient(generally>1.2)are the key to the enrichment and high yield of shale oil and gas.Third,the developed microfractures in lacustrine shale are conducive to the enrichment and later fracturing of shale oil and gas.In conclusion,the Lianggaoshan Formation lacustrine shale in the Fuling area is widely distributed with moderate burial depth,developed microfractures and moderate thermal evolution,and its shale gas resource extent and shale oil resource extent are 1922×10^(8)m^(3)and 2800×10^(4)t,respectively,indicating greater potential of shale oil and gas exploration,so shale oil and gas is the important field of oil and gas reserves and production increase in this area in the following stage.展开更多
Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is ...Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.展开更多
To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment,distribution,physical properties,reservoir charac...To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment,distribution,physical properties,reservoir characteristics,gas-bearing characteristics and gas accumulation play of deep coals.The results show that thick coals are widely distributed in the Carboniferous–Permian of the Ordos Basin.The main coal seams Carboniferous 5~#and Permian 8~#in the Carboniferous–Permian have strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and high thermal evolution degree,which provide abundant materials for the formation of coal-rock gas.Deep coal reservoirs have good physical properties,especially porosity and permeability.Coal seams Carboniferous 5^(#)and Permian 8^(#)exhibit the average porosity of 4.1%and 6.4%,and the average permeability of 8.7×10^(-3)μm^(2)and 15.7×10^(-3)μm^(2),respectively.Cleats and fissures are developed in the coals,and together with the micropores,constitute the main storage space.With the increase of evolution degree,the micropore volume tends to increase.The development degree of cleats and fissures has a great impact on permeability.The coal reservoirs and their industrial compositions exhibit significantly heterogeneous distribution in the vertical direction.The bright coal seam,which is in the middle and upper section,less affected by ash filling compared with the lower section,and contains well-developed pores and fissures,is a high-quality reservoir interval.The deep coals present good gas-bearing characteristics in Ordos Basin,with the gas content of 7.5–20.0 m^(3)/t,and the proportion of free gas(greater than 10%,mostly 11.0%–55.1%)in coal-rock gas significantly higher than that in shallow coals.The enrichment degree of free gas in deep coals is controlled by the number of macropores and microfractures.The coal rock pressure testing shows that the coal-limestone and coal-mudstone combinations for gas accumulation have good sealing capacity,and the mudstone/limestone(roof)-coal-mudstone(floor)combination generally indicates high coal-rock gas values.The coal-rock gas resources in the Ordos Basin were preliminarily estimated by the volume method to be 22.38×10^(12)m^(3),and the main coal-rock gas prospects in the Ordos Basin were defined.In the central-east of the Ordos Basin,Wushenqi,Hengshan-Suide,Yan'an,Zichang,and Yichuan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#8 of the Benxi Formation,and Linxian West,Mizhi,Yichuan-Huangling,Yulin,and Wushenqi-Hengshan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#5 of the Shanxi Formation,which are expected to become new areas for increased gas reserves and production.展开更多
Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau,which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China.Based on the work of the resear...Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau,which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China.Based on the work of the research team,the paper summarizes the geological characteristics of the main copper deposits in Tibet and puts forward a further prospecting direction.A series of large accumulated metal deposits or ore districts from subduction of Tethys oceanic crust to India-Asia collisionhave been discovered,such as Duolong Cu(Au)ore district and Jiama copper polymetallic deposit.The ore deposits in the Duolong ore district are located in the lowstand domain,the top of lowstand domain,and the highstand domain of the same magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system,and their relative positions are the indicators for related deposits in the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt.The polycentric metallogenic model of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is an important inspiration for the exploration of the porphyry mineralization related to collision orogeny.Further mineral exploration in the Tibet Plateau should be focused on the continental volcanic rocks related to porphyry-epithermal deposits,orogenic gold deposits,hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits related to nappe structures,skarn Cu(Au)and polymetallic deposits,and the Miocene W-Sn polymetallic deposits.展开更多
The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.U...The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.展开更多
A detailed understanding of the distribution and potential of natural gas hydrate(NGHs)resources is crucial to fostering the industrialization of those resources in the South China Sea,where NGHs are abundant.In this ...A detailed understanding of the distribution and potential of natural gas hydrate(NGHs)resources is crucial to fostering the industrialization of those resources in the South China Sea,where NGHs are abundant.In this study,this study analyzed the applicability of resource evaluation methods,including the volumetric,genesis,and analogy methods,and estimated NGHs resource potential in the South China Sea by using scientific resource evaluation methods based on the factors controlling the geological accumulation and the reservoir characteristics of NGHs.Furthermore,this study compared the evaluation results of NGHs resource evaluations in representative worldwise sea areas via rational analysis.The results of this study are as follows:(1)The gas hydrate accumulation in the South China Sea is characterized by multiple sources of gas supply,multi-channel migration,and extensive accumulation,which are significantly different from those of oil and gas and other unconventional resources.(2)The evaluation of gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea is a highly targeted,stratified,and multidisciplinary evaluation of geological resources under the framework of a multi-type gas hydrate resource evaluation system and focuses on the comprehensive utilization of multi-source heterogeneous data.(3)Global NGHs resources is n×10^(15)m^(3),while the NGHs resources in the South China Sea are estimated to be 10^(13)m^(3),which is comparable to the abundance of typical marine NGHs deposits in other parts of the world.In the South China Sea,the NGHs resources have a broad prospect and provide a substantial resource base for production tests and industrialization of NGHs.展开更多
Deep marine carbonate rocks have become one of the key targets of onshore oil and gas exploration and development for reserves replacement in China.Further geological researches of such rocks may practically facilitat...Deep marine carbonate rocks have become one of the key targets of onshore oil and gas exploration and development for reserves replacement in China.Further geological researches of such rocks may practically facilitate the sustainable,steady and smooth development of the petroleum industry in the country.Therefore,through a deep investigation into the fundamental geological conditions of deep marine carbonate reservoirs,we found higher-than-expected resource potential therein,which may uncover large oil or gas fields.The findings were reflected in four aspects.Firstly,there are two kinds of hydrocarbon kitchens which were respectively formed by conventional source rocks and liquid hydrocarbons cracking that were detained in source rocks,and both of them can provide large-scale hydrocarbons.Secondly,as controlled by the bedding and interstratal karstification,as well as the burial and hydrothermal dolomitization,effective carbonate reservoirs may be extensively developed in the deep and ultra-deep strata.Thirdly,under the coupling action of progressive burial and annealing heating,some marine source rocks could form hydrocarbon accumulations spanning important tectonic phases,and large quantity of liquid hydrocarbons could be kept in late stage,contributing to rich oil and gas in such deep marine strata.Fourthly,large-scale uplifts were formed by the stacking of multi-episodic tectonism and oil and gas could be accumulated in three modes(i.e.,stratoid large-area reservoir-forming mode of karst reservoirs in the slope area of uplift,back-flow type large-area reservoir-forming mode of buried hill weathered crust karst reservoirs,and wide-range reservoir-forming mode of reef-shoal reservoirs);groups of stratigraphic and lithologic traps were widely developed in the areas of periclinal structures of paleohighs and continental margins.In conclusion,deep marine carbonate strata in China onshore contain the conditions for widely and intensively preserving hydrocarbons,so large oil or gas fields are expected.展开更多
Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,...Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas.Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity,continental shale oil is divided into two types:medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity.(1)The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies,as well as multiple types of reservoirs,including clastic rocks,carbonate rocks,diamictite,tuff and shale,forming a number of"sweet sections"and"sweet areas"of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks,which have large scale resources.(2)Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions,and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability,which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks.(3)After evaluation,the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons,which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing,and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years.Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential,and technological recoverable resources of(70?90)billion tons,making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry.However,economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs.Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from"outside source"to"inside source".Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as"sweet area"evaluation and optimization,horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.展开更多
Under the background of new era, it is an important subject to develop mineral resources and improve resource utilization efficiency, which requires us to make scientific and reasonable planning for geological and min...Under the background of new era, it is an important subject to develop mineral resources and improve resource utilization efficiency, which requires us to make scientific and reasonable planning for geological and mineral exploration and prospecting technology, and to select exploration and prospecting methods with pertinence and rationality. The purpose is to maximize exploration and prospecting efficiency, to fully explore more new mineral resources and to enrich the total amount of geological and mineral resources, and to play the role of mineral resources in social development. At the same time, the improvement and innovation of the overall development of the exploration industry depends on the improvement of the quality and efficiency of mineral exploration and prospecting work, and drives the development of prospecting technology to a new level.展开更多
基金supported by Science and technology basic resources survey special project(2022FY101701)China Geological Survey Project(DD2023350).
文摘Zirconium,prized for its exceptional corrosion resistance,high melting point,and unique nuclear properties,plays a critical role in multiple industrial sectors globally.Zirconium deposits are categorized into endogenetic and exogenetic types in China.Endogenetic deposits-including alkaline rock-,alkaline granite-,and pegmatite-type mineralizations-predominantly occur along the Tarim Craton’s northern margin,the North China Craton,the southern Greater Khingan metallogenic belt,and the Yangtze Craton’s western margin.Exogenetic deposits,comprising clastic sedimentary,weathering crust,and fragmentation types,are concentrated in South China’s coastal zones.Endogenetic mineralization formed during Permian-Cretaceous magmatic-hydrothermal events linked to evolved alkaline granitic systems,while exogenetic deposits developed in Quaternary periods through weathering of zirconium-rich protoliths.However,economic extraction of endogenetic deposits remains constrained by rare earth element(REE)associations and radioactive complexities.Currently,China’s most economically significant reserves derive from clastic sedimentary systems,particularly coastal placer deposits.This study systematically synthesizes the spatial distribution and metallogenic mechanisms of Chinese zirconium deposits,offering strategic insights for resource exploration and sustainable utilization.
文摘The onshore oil and gas exploration has stepped into a new stage in China, with equal attention paid to both stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs and structural reservoirs. In the past few years, the increases in oil reserves in most basins were found mainly in the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs. Latest resource evaluation shows that the onshore stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in China account for 42% of the total remaining resource, the highest in the four major exploration regions. Therefore, these reservoirs will be the most practical, potential and prevalent fields for long-lasting oil and gas exploration in onshore China. Among PetroChina's annual oil geologic reserves of 4.3 × 108t^4.6× 108t, the stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs account for more than 50%. In such basins as Songliao, Ordos, Bohai Bay, Junggar, Tarim, Sichuan and Erlian basins, stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs with geologic reserves ranging from 5×107t to 3×108t were discovered, including Ansai, Jing'an, Daqingzijing, Liuxi, well-21 area in Shinan, and Hadexun. Stratigraphic and subtle reservoirs in the four types of inland basins differ from each other in the formation conditions and the distribution patterns. While continental basins are controlled by unconformity surface, maximum flooding surface and fracture surface, the Paleozoic marine basins are influenced by paleouplift, unconformity surface, and fluctuation of the sea level. Through exploration practices and research, PetroChina has formed its own technique series focused on 3-D seismics and sequence stratigraphy.
文摘History of uranium exploration and the general situation of identified uranium resources in China are introduced briefly in the paper,and the feature of uranium resources is summarized as"a large number of deposits,good ore processing properties and centralized occurrence"which should be considered as the advantages.In accordance with the fact that the exploration level of uranium resources is quite low in China,it is pointed out that exploration investment must be intensified from now on to identify more uranium concentrated bases which occurring of middle to large size uranium deposit in order to meet the demand of natural uranium from nuclear power sector.Besides,major scientific and technological achievements on uranium exploration during the past fifty years are elaborated in the paper.According to the exploration ability and uranium resources potential in China,it is believed that uranium exploration can realize the goal of"getting break through both at home and abroad"and meet the requirement of nuclear industry to uranium resources in China by carrying out the uranium resources exploration strategy of"rooted in domestic and opening up abroad".
文摘With the continuous development and progress of society, geological prospecting and resource exploration have also put forward new requirements. At present, the most critical technology in geological prospecting and resource exploration is geophysical exploration technology. The level of geophysical exploration technology itself has a very direct relationship with the ability of engineers and technicians, and will also directly affect the accuracy of geological resource exploration. Therefore, relevant operators and technicians should also strengthen the operation and application of geophysical exploration technology, fully grasp and utilize its principles, improve work efficiency, select scientific and reasonable geophysical exploration technology, and carry out exploration and analysis of resources. This paper mainly analyzes the basic principles of geophysical exploration technology, as well as the principles and techniques of the specific application of geophysical exploration technology in geological exploration, and carefully analyzes and explores the relevant principles.
基金Project supported by the National Major Science and Technology Project“Target Assessment and Exploration Technologies of Shale Gas Play”(No.:2017ZX05036)the Sinopec“Ten Major”Scientific and Technological Projects“Exploration and Evaluation Techniques of Jurassic Continental Shale Oil and Gas”(No.:P21078-1).
文摘Well Taiye 1 in the Fuling area of the eastern Sichuan Basin has obtained a high-yield industrial gas flow(7.5×10^(4) m^(3)/d gas and 9.8 m^(3)/d oil)from the Middle Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation,presenting a good test production effects,which means the realization of a major breakthrough in the exploration of Jurassic lacustrine shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin.In order to further determine the exploration potential of lacustrine shale oil and gas in this area and realize the large-scale efficient development and utilization of lacustrine shale oil and gas,this paper analyzes the geological conditions for the accumulation of lacustrine shale oil and gas in this area by using the drilling data of 10 key wells,such as wells Taiye 1 and Fuye 10.Then,the main factors controlling the enrichment of lacustrine shale oil and gas are discussed,and the exploration potential and favorable target zones of Jurassic lacustrine shale oil and gas in the Fuling area are defined.And the following research results are obtained.First,the quality Jurassic semi-deep lake shale in the Fuling area is characterized by high organic matter abundance,high porosity and high gas content,and it is the geological base of shale oil and gas enrichment.Second,the developed large wide and gentle syncline,good preservation condition and higher pressure coefficient(generally>1.2)are the key to the enrichment and high yield of shale oil and gas.Third,the developed microfractures in lacustrine shale are conducive to the enrichment and later fracturing of shale oil and gas.In conclusion,the Lianggaoshan Formation lacustrine shale in the Fuling area is widely distributed with moderate burial depth,developed microfractures and moderate thermal evolution,and its shale gas resource extent and shale oil resource extent are 1922×10^(8)m^(3)and 2800×10^(4)t,respectively,indicating greater potential of shale oil and gas exploration,so shale oil and gas is the important field of oil and gas reserves and production increase in this area in the following stage.
基金funded by the projects initiated by the China Geological Survey(DD20221794 and DD20190414).
文摘Global energy structure is experiencing the third transition from fossil energy to non-fossil energy,to solve future energy problems,cope with climate change,and achieve net-zero emissions targets by 2050.Hydrogen is considered to be the most potential clean energy in this century under the background of carbon neutrality.At present,the industrial methods for producing hydrogen are mainly by steam-hydrocarbon(such as coal and natural gas)reforming and by electrolysis of water,while the exploration and development of natural hydrogen had just started.According to this literature review:(1)Natural hydrogen can be divided into three categories,including free hydrogen,hydrogen in inclusions and dissolved hydrogen;(2)natural hydrogen could be mainly from abiotic origins such as by deep-seated hydrogen generation,water-rock reaction or water radiolysis;(3)natural hydrogen is widely distributed and presents great potential,and the potential natural hydrogen sources excluding deep source of hydrogen is about(254±91)×10^(9) m^(3)/a according to a latest estimate;(4)at present,natural hydrogen has been mined in Mali,and the exploration and development of natural hydrogen has also been carried out in Australia,Brazil,the United States and some European countries,to find many favorable areas and test some technical methods for natural hydrogen exploration.Natural hydrogen is expected to be an important part of hydrogen energy production in the future energy pattern.Based on a thorough literature review,this study introduced the origin,classification,and global discovery of natural hydrogen,as well as summarized the current global status and discussed the possibility of natural hydrogen exploration and development,aiming to provide reference for the future natural hydrogen exploration and development.
基金Supported by the China National Petroleum Corporation Science and Technology Project(2023ZZ18)CNPC Changqing Oilfield Company Project(2022D-JB01)。
文摘To reveal the enrichment conditions and resource potential of coal-rock gas in the Ordos Basin,this paper presents a systematic research on the sedimentary environment,distribution,physical properties,reservoir characteristics,gas-bearing characteristics and gas accumulation play of deep coals.The results show that thick coals are widely distributed in the Carboniferous–Permian of the Ordos Basin.The main coal seams Carboniferous 5~#and Permian 8~#in the Carboniferous–Permian have strong hydrocarbon generation capacity and high thermal evolution degree,which provide abundant materials for the formation of coal-rock gas.Deep coal reservoirs have good physical properties,especially porosity and permeability.Coal seams Carboniferous 5^(#)and Permian 8^(#)exhibit the average porosity of 4.1%and 6.4%,and the average permeability of 8.7×10^(-3)μm^(2)and 15.7×10^(-3)μm^(2),respectively.Cleats and fissures are developed in the coals,and together with the micropores,constitute the main storage space.With the increase of evolution degree,the micropore volume tends to increase.The development degree of cleats and fissures has a great impact on permeability.The coal reservoirs and their industrial compositions exhibit significantly heterogeneous distribution in the vertical direction.The bright coal seam,which is in the middle and upper section,less affected by ash filling compared with the lower section,and contains well-developed pores and fissures,is a high-quality reservoir interval.The deep coals present good gas-bearing characteristics in Ordos Basin,with the gas content of 7.5–20.0 m^(3)/t,and the proportion of free gas(greater than 10%,mostly 11.0%–55.1%)in coal-rock gas significantly higher than that in shallow coals.The enrichment degree of free gas in deep coals is controlled by the number of macropores and microfractures.The coal rock pressure testing shows that the coal-limestone and coal-mudstone combinations for gas accumulation have good sealing capacity,and the mudstone/limestone(roof)-coal-mudstone(floor)combination generally indicates high coal-rock gas values.The coal-rock gas resources in the Ordos Basin were preliminarily estimated by the volume method to be 22.38×10^(12)m^(3),and the main coal-rock gas prospects in the Ordos Basin were defined.In the central-east of the Ordos Basin,Wushenqi,Hengshan-Suide,Yan'an,Zichang,and Yichuan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#8 of the Benxi Formation,and Linxian West,Mizhi,Yichuan-Huangling,Yulin,and Wushenqi-Hengshan are coal-rock gas prospects for the coal seam#5 of the Shanxi Formation,which are expected to become new areas for increased gas reserves and production.
基金supported by the project of the China Geological Survey(DD20190167)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFC0604101,2018YFC0604106)+1 种基金the Special Funds for Basic Scientific Research of the Institute of mineral resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(kk2017)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42002103,41902097).
文摘Many large and super-large copper deposits have been discovered and explored in the Tibet Plateau,which makes it the most important copper resource reserve and development base in China.Based on the work of the research team,the paper summarizes the geological characteristics of the main copper deposits in Tibet and puts forward a further prospecting direction.A series of large accumulated metal deposits or ore districts from subduction of Tethys oceanic crust to India-Asia collisionhave been discovered,such as Duolong Cu(Au)ore district and Jiama copper polymetallic deposit.The ore deposits in the Duolong ore district are located in the lowstand domain,the top of lowstand domain,and the highstand domain of the same magmatic-hydrothermal metallogenic system,and their relative positions are the indicators for related deposits in the Bangong Co-Nujiang metallogenic belt.The polycentric metallogenic model of the Jiama copper polymetallic deposit is an important inspiration for the exploration of the porphyry mineralization related to collision orogeny.Further mineral exploration in the Tibet Plateau should be focused on the continental volcanic rocks related to porphyry-epithermal deposits,orogenic gold deposits,hydrothermal Pb-Zn deposits related to nappe structures,skarn Cu(Au)and polymetallic deposits,and the Miocene W-Sn polymetallic deposits.
基金the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42176212,41976074 and 41302034)the Marine S&T Fund of Shandong Province for Laoshan Laboratory(2021QNLM020002)the Marine Geological Survey Program(DD20221704)。
文摘The Qilian Mountain permafrost area located in the northern of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a favorable place for natural gas hydrate formation and enrichment,due to its well-developed fractures and abundant gas sources.Understanding the formation and distribution of multi-component gas hydrates in fractures is crucial in accurately evaluating the hydrate reservoir resources in this area.The hydrate formation experiments were carried out using the core samples drilled from hydrate-bearing sediments in Qilian Mountain permafrost area and the multi-component gas with similar composition to natural gas hydrates in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.The formation and distribution characteristics of multi-component gas hydrates in core samples were observed in situ by X-ray Computed Tomography(X-CT)under high pressure and low temperature conditions.Results show that hydrates are mainly formed and distributed in the fractures with good connectivity.The ratios of volume of hydrates formed in fractures to the volume of fractures are about 96.8%and 60.67%in two different core samples.This indicates that the fracture surface may act as a favorable reaction site for hydrate formation in core samples.Based on the field geological data and the experimental results,it is preliminarily estimated that the inventory of methane stored in the fractured gas hydrate in Qilian Mountain permafrost area is about 8.67×1013 m3,with a resource abundance of 8.67×108 m3/km2.This study demonstrates the great resource potential of fractured gas hydrate and also provides a new way to further understand the prospect of natural gas hydrate and other oil and gas resources in Qilian Mountain permafrost area.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42376222,U22A20581,and 42076069)Key Research and Development Program of Hainan Province(ZDYF2024GXJS002)China Geological Survey(DD20230402)。
文摘A detailed understanding of the distribution and potential of natural gas hydrate(NGHs)resources is crucial to fostering the industrialization of those resources in the South China Sea,where NGHs are abundant.In this study,this study analyzed the applicability of resource evaluation methods,including the volumetric,genesis,and analogy methods,and estimated NGHs resource potential in the South China Sea by using scientific resource evaluation methods based on the factors controlling the geological accumulation and the reservoir characteristics of NGHs.Furthermore,this study compared the evaluation results of NGHs resource evaluations in representative worldwise sea areas via rational analysis.The results of this study are as follows:(1)The gas hydrate accumulation in the South China Sea is characterized by multiple sources of gas supply,multi-channel migration,and extensive accumulation,which are significantly different from those of oil and gas and other unconventional resources.(2)The evaluation of gas hydrate resources in the South China Sea is a highly targeted,stratified,and multidisciplinary evaluation of geological resources under the framework of a multi-type gas hydrate resource evaluation system and focuses on the comprehensive utilization of multi-source heterogeneous data.(3)Global NGHs resources is n×10^(15)m^(3),while the NGHs resources in the South China Sea are estimated to be 10^(13)m^(3),which is comparable to the abundance of typical marine NGHs deposits in other parts of the world.In the South China Sea,the NGHs resources have a broad prospect and provide a substantial resource base for production tests and industrialization of NGHs.
基金Special and Significant Project of National Science and Technology“Development of Large Oil/gas Fields and Coalbed Methane”(No.2011ZX05004-001).
文摘Deep marine carbonate rocks have become one of the key targets of onshore oil and gas exploration and development for reserves replacement in China.Further geological researches of such rocks may practically facilitate the sustainable,steady and smooth development of the petroleum industry in the country.Therefore,through a deep investigation into the fundamental geological conditions of deep marine carbonate reservoirs,we found higher-than-expected resource potential therein,which may uncover large oil or gas fields.The findings were reflected in four aspects.Firstly,there are two kinds of hydrocarbon kitchens which were respectively formed by conventional source rocks and liquid hydrocarbons cracking that were detained in source rocks,and both of them can provide large-scale hydrocarbons.Secondly,as controlled by the bedding and interstratal karstification,as well as the burial and hydrothermal dolomitization,effective carbonate reservoirs may be extensively developed in the deep and ultra-deep strata.Thirdly,under the coupling action of progressive burial and annealing heating,some marine source rocks could form hydrocarbon accumulations spanning important tectonic phases,and large quantity of liquid hydrocarbons could be kept in late stage,contributing to rich oil and gas in such deep marine strata.Fourthly,large-scale uplifts were formed by the stacking of multi-episodic tectonism and oil and gas could be accumulated in three modes(i.e.,stratoid large-area reservoir-forming mode of karst reservoirs in the slope area of uplift,back-flow type large-area reservoir-forming mode of buried hill weathered crust karst reservoirs,and wide-range reservoir-forming mode of reef-shoal reservoirs);groups of stratigraphic and lithologic traps were widely developed in the areas of periclinal structures of paleohighs and continental margins.In conclusion,deep marine carbonate strata in China onshore contain the conditions for widely and intensively preserving hydrocarbons,so large oil or gas fields are expected.
基金Supported by the China National Science and Technology Major Project(2016ZX05046)
文摘Continental shale oil is a general term for liquid hydrocarbons and many kinds of organic matter in continental organic-rich shale series with vitrinite reflectance of more than 0.5%at buried depth of more than 300 m,and is an important type of source-rock oil and gas.Based on the evolution model of oil generation and expulsion in organic-rich shale series controlled by maturity,continental shale oil is divided into two types:medium-high maturity and medium-low maturity.(1)The continental shale series in China develop high-quality source rocks of freshwater and saltwater lacustrine facies,as well as multiple types of reservoirs,including clastic rocks,carbonate rocks,diamictite,tuff and shale,forming a number of"sweet sections"and"sweet areas"of continuous distribution inside or near source rocks,which have large scale resources.(2)Experimental analysis of organic rich shale samples shows that the shale samples with wavy and horizontal beddings have good storage conditions,and the horizontal permeability of shale is tens to hundreds of times of its vertical permeability,which is conducive to the lateral migration and accumulation of shale oil in the source rocks.(3)After evaluation,the geological resources of medium-high maturity shale oil are about 10 billion tons,which can be effectively developed by horizontal drilling and volumetric fracturing,and will be a practical field of oil exploration in recent years.Shale oil with medium and low maturity has huge resource potential,and technological recoverable resources of(70?90)billion tons,making it a strategic alternative resource of oil industry.However,economic development of this type of shale oil needs in-situ conversion technology breakthroughs.Continental shale oil is an inevitable choice in the process of Chinese continental petroleum exploration from"outside source"to"inside source".Making breakthroughs in the core technologies such as"sweet area"evaluation and optimization,horizontal well volume fracturing and in-situ conversion technology and equipment is the key to realizing scale development of continental shale oil economically.
文摘Under the background of new era, it is an important subject to develop mineral resources and improve resource utilization efficiency, which requires us to make scientific and reasonable planning for geological and mineral exploration and prospecting technology, and to select exploration and prospecting methods with pertinence and rationality. The purpose is to maximize exploration and prospecting efficiency, to fully explore more new mineral resources and to enrich the total amount of geological and mineral resources, and to play the role of mineral resources in social development. At the same time, the improvement and innovation of the overall development of the exploration industry depends on the improvement of the quality and efficiency of mineral exploration and prospecting work, and drives the development of prospecting technology to a new level.
