Soil improvement is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering practice.The wide application of traditional improvement techniques(cement/chemical materials)are limited due to damage ecological en-vi...Soil improvement is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering practice.The wide application of traditional improvement techniques(cement/chemical materials)are limited due to damage ecological en-vironment and intensify carbon emissions.However,the use of microbially induced calcium carbonate pre-cipitation(MICP)to obtain bio-cement is a novel technique with the potential to induce soil stability,providing a low-carbon,environment-friendly,and sustainable integrated solution for some geotechnical engineering pro-blems in the environment.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest progress in soil improvement based on the MICP strategy.It systematically summarizes and overviews the mineralization mechanism,influ-encing factors,improved methods,engineering characteristics,and current field application status of the MICP.Additionally,it also explores the limitations and correspondingly proposes prospective applications via the MICP approach for soil improvement.This review indicates that the utilization of different environmental calcium-based wastes in MICP and combination of materials and MICP are conducive to meeting engineering and market demand.Furthermore,we recommend and encourage global collaborative study and practice with a view to commercializing MICP technique in the future.The current review purports to provide insights for engineers and interdisciplinary researchers,and guidance for future engineering applications.展开更多
AIM:To assess the success rate of lacrimal sac hydrostatic pressure application(HPA)maneuver,a conservative office procedure for treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO).METHODS:The medical records...AIM:To assess the success rate of lacrimal sac hydrostatic pressure application(HPA)maneuver,a conservative office procedure for treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO).METHODS:The medical records of pediatric patients,36mo old or younger,diagnosed with CNLDO between the years 2016-2022,were retrospectively reviewed.In all children,HPA was performed by a pediatric ophthalmologist.Success was defined as the resolution of epiphora and discharge within 48h of the intervention.RESULTS:A total of 281 eyes(194 patients)with CNLDO underwent HPA.Follow-up data were available for 261 eyes(179 patients,50.3%male)and these patients were included in the analysis.The mean follow-up time was 11.6±13mo.Ninety-seven patients(54.2%)had unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction,while 82 patients(45.8%)had bilateral CNLDO.The mean age at the time of HPA was 5.8±5.9mo.Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved in 102(39.1%)eyes.Patients 6mo old or younger at the time of HPA had a significantly higher success rate compared to patients older than 6mo(43.7%vs 30.9%,P=0.04).Younger age at the time of pressure application was associated with a higher resolution rate of CNLDO(OR 0.93,P=0.004).Sex assigned at birth,prematurity,laterality of the obstruction and type of symptoms(epiphora,discharge)were not correlated with success.A second HPA was performed in 46 eyes,with resolution of symptoms in 12 eyes(26.1%).CONCLUSION:Hydrostatic pressure applied on the lacrimal sac by an experienced ophthalmologist or an experienced pediatrician may be an effective treatment for CNLDO.We recommend HPA as an initial active conservative approach in all pediatric patients with CNLDO,especially those younger than 6mo.展开更多
Due to their high water content,stimulus responsiveness,and biocompatibility,hydrogels,which are functional materials with a three-dimensional network structure,are widely applied in fields such as biomedicine,environ...Due to their high water content,stimulus responsiveness,and biocompatibility,hydrogels,which are functional materials with a three-dimensional network structure,are widely applied in fields such as biomedicine,environmental monitoring,and flexible electronics.This paper provides a systematic review of hydrogel charac-terization methods and their applications,focusing on primary evaluation techniques for physical properties(e.g.,mechanical strength,swelling behavior,and pore structure),chemical properties(e.g.,composition,crosslink density,and degradation behavior),biocompatibility,and functional properties(e.g.,drug release,environmental stimulus response,and conductivity).It analyzes the challenges currently faced by characterization methods,such as a lack of standardization,difficulties in dynamic monitoring,an insufficient micro-macro correlation,and poor adaptability to complex environments.It proposes solutions,such as a hierarchical standardization system,in situ imaging technology,cross-scale characterization,and biomimetic testing platforms.Looking ahead,hydrogel characterization techniques will evolve toward intelligent,real-time,multimodal coupling and standardized approaches.These techniques will provide superior technical support for precision medicine,environmental restoration,and flexible electronics.They will also offer systematic methodological guidance for the performance optimization and practical application of hydrogel materials.展开更多
The root-knot nematode disease(RKN)caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating threat to the production of crops,especially greenhouse vegetables.Fluopyram,a new nematicide,has been widely used by root drenching ...The root-knot nematode disease(RKN)caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating threat to the production of crops,especially greenhouse vegetables.Fluopyram,a new nematicide,has been widely used by root drenching one-by-one plants for the management of RKN.However,as a common non-fumigation nematicide,its distribution in soil was often the key limiting factor that determined the efficacy and efficiency.To optimize the utilization of fluopyram against RKN,the control efficacy of application methods including blending-of-soil,rootirrigation,drip-irrigation,and furrow-irrigation and the correlation between nematicide distribution and efficacy were studied.The toxicities of fluopyram and abamectin to nematodes collected from different sources and backgrounds exhibited limited differences from crop and region.Compared to the control,all nematicide treatments reduced root galling by M.incognita in cucumber and increased the yield of cucumber.Blending-of-soil treatment and root-irrigation treatment were more beneficial for increasing the distribution area of nematicides in soil,then promoting the control efficacy of nematicides against RKN and improving cucumber production.This work showed that the application of fluopyram by blending-of-soil has the same efficacy as by rootirrigation in controlling RKN in cucumber production,moreover is more efficient and can be an alternative option.展开更多
In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In re...In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In recent years,the frequent disputes on SEP license fees witnessed in the industrial and academic worlds,together with the lack of systematic supporting functions like FRAND,make SEP pricing excessively reliant on judicial judgment in practice.Fortunately,a variety of pricing methods have been proposed by theoretical research and practiced in judicial cases,which provide possible solutions for the license fee pricing of SEP from the operational level.In this paper,by focusing on the characteristics of the existing SEP pricing methods in the academic fields and judicial system,the dispute caused by license fees of SEP is clarified firstly,then by combining and interpreting twelve existing pricing methods of license fee of SEP with academic literature and judicial cases,four categories of methods are composed based on the application stages and calculation logic.Thirdly,the application barriers and dilemmas caused by the inherent limita⁃tions of the four categories of methods are analyzed,and the possible ways to put these methods into practice are ex⁃plored.Lastly,suggestions are presented from the aspects of preconditions for application,pricing stages,dispute reso⁃lution mechanisms,and comprehensive applications.The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment for getting back on track with the pricing right and further optimization of the pricing mechanism of license fees of SEP.展开更多
[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer...[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.展开更多
[Objective] This paper aimed at exploring the effects of different nitrogen application methods on the enzyme activities of leaves at ear position in late growth stage of maize. [Method] By pot experiment, the superox...[Objective] This paper aimed at exploring the effects of different nitrogen application methods on the enzyme activities of leaves at ear position in late growth stage of maize. [Method] By pot experiment, the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, peroxidase （POD） activity, malonyl dialdehyde （MDA） content and soluble protein content were determined. [Result] At the filling stage and ripening stage, with the increasing of nitrogen application rate, MDA content gradually decreased, while SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content increased. MDA content with two topdressing nitrogen was lower than that with one top dressing nitrogen at the same nitrogen application rate, while SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content with two topdressing nitrogen were higher than that with one topdressing nitrogen. [Conclusion] Different nitrogen application methods have relatively significant effects on the MDA content, SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content, which is of certain directive significance for preventing spring maize prematuration.展开更多
English grammar is at any time the important part of English learning,even if under the implementation of the New Course Standard.However,English grammar is considered to be difficult due to its complexity.My paper he...English grammar is at any time the important part of English learning,even if under the implementation of the New Course Standard.However,English grammar is considered to be difficult due to its complexity.My paper here is to explore and study the application of mathematic ideas and methods in English grammar teaching and learning,helping to facilitate the students to master the regularities,accuracy and systematization of English grammar,to improve learning efficiency,to enhance the learners' logic thinking,and at the same time,pointing out the specific strategies in practical use,which can be of great significance to the students' innovation and creativity and the students' development of the ability of cross-subject study advocated by both the Quality-Education and New Curriculum Standard.展开更多
α-Trifluoromethyl ketones are a class of useful compounds with versatile applications.Their synthetic application via the transformation of the C—F bonds is of particular interest by allowing the synthesis of organi...α-Trifluoromethyl ketones are a class of useful compounds with versatile applications.Their synthetic application via the transformation of the C—F bonds is of particular interest by allowing the synthesis of organic compounds with diverse structures.Herein,the advances in the research areas ofα-trifluoromethyl ketone synthesis and their defluorination reactions are reviewed.Discussion on the mechanisms of the typical reactions has also been provided,in hope of affording some guides to the chemistry ofα-trifluoromethyl ketones in the synthetic methods toward themselves and their derivatives.展开更多
The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(R...The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.展开更多
Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)suc...Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)such as carrageenan,alginate,fucoidan,laminaran,agarose,rhamnan,and ulvan.When hydrolyzed,MAP generate marine algae oligosaccharides(MAO),which have attracted interest in recent years due to their superior solubility compared with MAP.Besides,MAO have been demonstrated numerous biological activities including antioxidant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and prebiotic activities.Thus,this review summarizes the main chemical classes of MAO,their sources,and the main processes used for their production(i.e.,physical,chemical,and biological methods),coupled with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Highlights of the biological activities of MAO and their potential applications in food,nutraceutical,and pharmaceuticals would also be discussed and summarized.展开更多
The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） ...The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption.展开更多
By using the characteristic that poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) can be adhered to callulose acetais-nitrate membrane in high retentior tightly and ramdly,we developed a novel immunoamay method- polymer enayme Hnked immu...By using the characteristic that poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) can be adhered to callulose acetais-nitrate membrane in high retentior tightly and ramdly,we developed a novel immunoamay method- polymer enayme Hnked immunoblotting amay method.Human serum HBsAg can detected as little as 10ng/ml with this immunoassay system.展开更多
The nation-wide iron ore exploration is primarily based on aeromagnetic survey,based upon which a series of ground follow-up and drilling examination were carried out,and then reconnaissance and detailed investigation...The nation-wide iron ore exploration is primarily based on aeromagnetic survey,based upon which a series of ground follow-up and drilling examination were carried out,and then reconnaissance and detailed investigation and exploration were fulfilled.However,for some large.展开更多
A simple analytic embedded-atom model of monoatoms that includes more than nearest neighbours has been extended to study properties of binary liquid Cu-Ni alloys, here the two-body potential between different species ...A simple analytic embedded-atom model of monoatoms that includes more than nearest neighbours has been extended to study properties of binary liquid Cu-Ni alloys, here the two-body potential between different species of atoms is taken as a function of the two-body potential for the pure metals with a unique form which yields alloy models with the same invariance to electron density transformations as monoatomic models. Faber-Ziman structure factors have been computed by molecular dynamics simulation on the base of this model. The results are in good agreement with experimental data given by Waseda, thus supporting the overall validity of the approach, especially for cross potential of Cu-Ni pair. Further, a detailed description of structure of binary liquid Cu-Ni alloys with different compositions have been performed using pair analysis and bond orientational order method etc., and then the chemical short range order has also been examined to reveal the structural characterization.展开更多
Almost all the cellular processes in a living system are controlled by proteins:They regulate gene expression,catalyze chemical reactions,transport small molecules across membranes,and transmit signal across membranes...Almost all the cellular processes in a living system are controlled by proteins:They regulate gene expression,catalyze chemical reactions,transport small molecules across membranes,and transmit signal across membranes.Even,a viral infection is often initiated through virus-host protein interactions.Protein-protein interactions(PPIs)are the physical contacts between two or more proteins and they represent complex biological functions.Nowadays,PPIs have been used to construct PPI networks to study complex pathways for revealing the functions of unknown proteins.Scientists have used PPIs to find the molecular basis of certain diseases and also some potential drug targets.In this review,we will discuss how PPI networks are essential to understand the molecular basis of virus-host relationships and several databases which are dedicated to virus-host interaction studies.Here,we present a short but comprehensive review on PPIs,including the experimental and computational methods of finding PPIs,the databases dedicated to virus-host PPIs,and the associated various applications in protein interaction networks of some lethal viruses with their hosts.展开更多
1 Introduction Potassium is listed as one of the shortage of mineral resources in china.Geophysical and remote sensing technology plays an important role in prospecting for potash ressources.
Objective:To study the clinical effect of applying clinical pathway teaching method in clinica1 teaching of cardiology.Methods:This paper verifies and calculates that 50 interns working in cardiology department in our...Objective:To study the clinical effect of applying clinical pathway teaching method in clinica1 teaching of cardiology.Methods:This paper verifies and calculates that 50 interns working in cardiology department in our hospita1 from October 2016 to October 2019 are divided into groups and comparea in the form of double-blind method.1he rererence group(n=25)uses traditional teachingmethods,and the experimental group(n=25)uses clinical pathway teaching method.The satisfaction degree,teaching quality,theoretical assessment results,operation assessment and comprehensive assessment results of interns in the experimental group and the reference group are compared.Results:The satisfaction degree,theoretical examination result,operation examinationt comprehensive examination result,improvement of team spirit,professiona1 quality,improvemen of professional ethics,standardized diagnosis and treatment,improvement of clinical problem handling ability,stimulation of learning interest and cultivation of clinical thinking of the interns in the experimental group were compared with those of the reference group(P<0.05),showing the value of statistica1 comparison and demonstration between data indexes.Conclusion:The application of clinical path-teaching method in clinical teaching of cardiology can improve the clinical teaching effect and teaching quality.展开更多
Surface potential decay of polymers for electrical insulation can help to determine the dark conductivity for spacecraft charging analysis. Due to the existence of radiation-induced conductivity, it decays fast in the...Surface potential decay of polymers for electrical insulation can help to determine the dark conductivity for spacecraft charging analysis. Due to the existence of radiation-induced conductivity, it decays fast in the first few hours after irradiation and exponentially slowly for the remaining time. The measurement of dark conductivity with this method usually takes the slow part and needs a couple of days. Integrating the Fowler formula into the deep dielectric charging equations, we obtain a new expression for the fast decay part. The experimental data of different materials, dose rates and temperatures are fitted by the new expression. Both the dark conductivity and the radiation-induced conductivity are derived and compared with other methods. The result shows a good estimation of dark conductivity and radiation-induced conductivity in high-resistivity polymers, which enables a fast measurement of dielectric conductivity within about 600 rain after irradiation.展开更多
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41962016)the Natural Science Foundation of NingXia(Nos.2023AAC02023,2023A1218,and 2021AAC02006).
文摘Soil improvement is one of the most important issues in geotechnical engineering practice.The wide application of traditional improvement techniques(cement/chemical materials)are limited due to damage ecological en-vironment and intensify carbon emissions.However,the use of microbially induced calcium carbonate pre-cipitation(MICP)to obtain bio-cement is a novel technique with the potential to induce soil stability,providing a low-carbon,environment-friendly,and sustainable integrated solution for some geotechnical engineering pro-blems in the environment.This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest progress in soil improvement based on the MICP strategy.It systematically summarizes and overviews the mineralization mechanism,influ-encing factors,improved methods,engineering characteristics,and current field application status of the MICP.Additionally,it also explores the limitations and correspondingly proposes prospective applications via the MICP approach for soil improvement.This review indicates that the utilization of different environmental calcium-based wastes in MICP and combination of materials and MICP are conducive to meeting engineering and market demand.Furthermore,we recommend and encourage global collaborative study and practice with a view to commercializing MICP technique in the future.The current review purports to provide insights for engineers and interdisciplinary researchers,and guidance for future engineering applications.
文摘AIM:To assess the success rate of lacrimal sac hydrostatic pressure application(HPA)maneuver,a conservative office procedure for treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction(CNLDO).METHODS:The medical records of pediatric patients,36mo old or younger,diagnosed with CNLDO between the years 2016-2022,were retrospectively reviewed.In all children,HPA was performed by a pediatric ophthalmologist.Success was defined as the resolution of epiphora and discharge within 48h of the intervention.RESULTS:A total of 281 eyes(194 patients)with CNLDO underwent HPA.Follow-up data were available for 261 eyes(179 patients,50.3%male)and these patients were included in the analysis.The mean follow-up time was 11.6±13mo.Ninety-seven patients(54.2%)had unilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction,while 82 patients(45.8%)had bilateral CNLDO.The mean age at the time of HPA was 5.8±5.9mo.Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved in 102(39.1%)eyes.Patients 6mo old or younger at the time of HPA had a significantly higher success rate compared to patients older than 6mo(43.7%vs 30.9%,P=0.04).Younger age at the time of pressure application was associated with a higher resolution rate of CNLDO(OR 0.93,P=0.004).Sex assigned at birth,prematurity,laterality of the obstruction and type of symptoms(epiphora,discharge)were not correlated with success.A second HPA was performed in 46 eyes,with resolution of symptoms in 12 eyes(26.1%).CONCLUSION:Hydrostatic pressure applied on the lacrimal sac by an experienced ophthalmologist or an experienced pediatrician may be an effective treatment for CNLDO.We recommend HPA as an initial active conservative approach in all pediatric patients with CNLDO,especially those younger than 6mo.
文摘Due to their high water content,stimulus responsiveness,and biocompatibility,hydrogels,which are functional materials with a three-dimensional network structure,are widely applied in fields such as biomedicine,environmental monitoring,and flexible electronics.This paper provides a systematic review of hydrogel charac-terization methods and their applications,focusing on primary evaluation techniques for physical properties(e.g.,mechanical strength,swelling behavior,and pore structure),chemical properties(e.g.,composition,crosslink density,and degradation behavior),biocompatibility,and functional properties(e.g.,drug release,environmental stimulus response,and conductivity).It analyzes the challenges currently faced by characterization methods,such as a lack of standardization,difficulties in dynamic monitoring,an insufficient micro-macro correlation,and poor adaptability to complex environments.It proposes solutions,such as a hierarchical standardization system,in situ imaging technology,cross-scale characterization,and biomimetic testing platforms.Looking ahead,hydrogel characterization techniques will evolve toward intelligent,real-time,multimodal coupling and standardized approaches.These techniques will provide superior technical support for precision medicine,environmental restoration,and flexible electronics.They will also offer systematic methodological guidance for the performance optimization and practical application of hydrogel materials.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1700500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272596)the Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System for Vegetables in Shandong Province(SDAIT-05).
文摘The root-knot nematode disease(RKN)caused by Meloidogyne incognita is a devastating threat to the production of crops,especially greenhouse vegetables.Fluopyram,a new nematicide,has been widely used by root drenching one-by-one plants for the management of RKN.However,as a common non-fumigation nematicide,its distribution in soil was often the key limiting factor that determined the efficacy and efficiency.To optimize the utilization of fluopyram against RKN,the control efficacy of application methods including blending-of-soil,rootirrigation,drip-irrigation,and furrow-irrigation and the correlation between nematicide distribution and efficacy were studied.The toxicities of fluopyram and abamectin to nematodes collected from different sources and backgrounds exhibited limited differences from crop and region.Compared to the control,all nematicide treatments reduced root galling by M.incognita in cucumber and increased the yield of cucumber.Blending-of-soil treatment and root-irrigation treatment were more beneficial for increasing the distribution area of nematicides in soil,then promoting the control efficacy of nematicides against RKN and improving cucumber production.This work showed that the application of fluopyram by blending-of-soil has the same efficacy as by rootirrigation in controlling RKN in cucumber production,moreover is more efficient and can be an alternative option.
基金Hierarchical Identification and Cross-Layer Correlation of Key Core Technologies from the Perspective of Industrial Chain Structure (National Social Science Fund of China, 24BTQ067)Chongqing Education Commission (CEC) Funding:Research on the Co-governance Mechanism of Patent Quality Based on the Dual-Filter Perspective(24SKGH213)Chongqing Graduate Education and Teaching Funding:Research on the Interdisciplinary Law of Intellectual Property and Optimization of Graduate Talent Training Mode(yjg213122)。
文摘In essence,the negotiation of license fees on standard essential patent(SEP)belongs to a kind of market be⁃havior,and the pricing right should be given to the market subjects under the requirements of patent law.In recent years,the frequent disputes on SEP license fees witnessed in the industrial and academic worlds,together with the lack of systematic supporting functions like FRAND,make SEP pricing excessively reliant on judicial judgment in practice.Fortunately,a variety of pricing methods have been proposed by theoretical research and practiced in judicial cases,which provide possible solutions for the license fee pricing of SEP from the operational level.In this paper,by focusing on the characteristics of the existing SEP pricing methods in the academic fields and judicial system,the dispute caused by license fees of SEP is clarified firstly,then by combining and interpreting twelve existing pricing methods of license fee of SEP with academic literature and judicial cases,four categories of methods are composed based on the application stages and calculation logic.Thirdly,the application barriers and dilemmas caused by the inherent limita⁃tions of the four categories of methods are analyzed,and the possible ways to put these methods into practice are ex⁃plored.Lastly,suggestions are presented from the aspects of preconditions for application,pricing stages,dispute reso⁃lution mechanisms,and comprehensive applications.The purpose of this paper is to provide enlightenment for getting back on track with the pricing right and further optimization of the pricing mechanism of license fees of SEP.
基金Supported by Key Project of National Scientific and Technological Support Plan (2006BAD02A07)Key Grant Scientific and Technolog-ical Project of Henan Province (0522010100)Scientific Research Foundation for Doctor of Henan Agricultural University (30200240)~~
文摘[ Objective] The experiment aimed to provide a theoretical base of optimal cultivation management for the high yield and good quality and high efficiency of winter wheat. [ Method] The effects of two sulfur fertilizer application methods on dynamic changes of grain protein content and glutenin content of Yumai 49 and Yumai 66 during wheat grain filling stage were studied under the field conditions. [Result] Both the grain protein and glutenin content of two cultivars were increased by sulfur fertilizer, particularly, the effects on Yumai 49 were more significant.[ Conclusion] The grain content and glutenin content of different wheat cultivars could be increased by taking different sulfur fertilizer application methods.
基金Supported by National Science and Technology Support Program(2008BADA4B06,2011BAD16B12)International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI) Project~~
文摘[Objective] This paper aimed at exploring the effects of different nitrogen application methods on the enzyme activities of leaves at ear position in late growth stage of maize. [Method] By pot experiment, the superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity, peroxidase （POD） activity, malonyl dialdehyde （MDA） content and soluble protein content were determined. [Result] At the filling stage and ripening stage, with the increasing of nitrogen application rate, MDA content gradually decreased, while SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content increased. MDA content with two topdressing nitrogen was lower than that with one top dressing nitrogen at the same nitrogen application rate, while SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content with two topdressing nitrogen were higher than that with one topdressing nitrogen. [Conclusion] Different nitrogen application methods have relatively significant effects on the MDA content, SOD activity, POD activity and soluble protein content, which is of certain directive significance for preventing spring maize prematuration.
文摘English grammar is at any time the important part of English learning,even if under the implementation of the New Course Standard.However,English grammar is considered to be difficult due to its complexity.My paper here is to explore and study the application of mathematic ideas and methods in English grammar teaching and learning,helping to facilitate the students to master the regularities,accuracy and systematization of English grammar,to improve learning efficiency,to enhance the learners' logic thinking,and at the same time,pointing out the specific strategies in practical use,which can be of great significance to the students' innovation and creativity and the students' development of the ability of cross-subject study advocated by both the Quality-Education and New Curriculum Standard.
文摘α-Trifluoromethyl ketones are a class of useful compounds with versatile applications.Their synthetic application via the transformation of the C—F bonds is of particular interest by allowing the synthesis of organic compounds with diverse structures.Herein,the advances in the research areas ofα-trifluoromethyl ketone synthesis and their defluorination reactions are reviewed.Discussion on the mechanisms of the typical reactions has also been provided,in hope of affording some guides to the chemistry ofα-trifluoromethyl ketones in the synthetic methods toward themselves and their derivatives.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2023YFC2907600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.42077267,42277174 and 52074164)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(No.ZR2020JQ23)the Opening Project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology,Beijing Institute of Technology(No.KFJJ21-02Z)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.2022JCCXSB03).
文摘The technology of drilling tests makes it possible to obtain the strength parameter of rock accurately in situ. In this paper, a new rock cutting analysis model that considers the influence of the rock crushing zone(RCZ) is built. The formula for an ultimate cutting force is established based on the limit equilibrium principle. The relationship between digital drilling parameters(DDP) and the c-φ parameter(DDP-cφ formula, where c refers to the cohesion and φ refers to the internal friction angle) is derived, and the response of drilling parameters and cutting ratio to the strength parameters is analyzed. The drillingbased measuring method for the c-φ parameter of rock is constructed. The laboratory verification test is then completed, and the difference in results between the drilling test and the compression test is less than 6%. On this basis, in-situ rock drilling tests in a traffic tunnel and a coal mine roadway are carried out, and the strength parameters of the surrounding rock are effectively tested. The average difference ratio of the results is less than 11%, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for obtaining the strength parameters based on digital drilling. This study provides methodological support for field testing of rock strength parameters.
基金financially supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31901692)2020 Li Ka Shing Foundation Cross-Disciplinary Research Grant(2020LKSFG02E)Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province,China(2021A1515011495)。
文摘Marine algae are valuable sources of health-promoting molecules that have been consumed by Asians for decades.Among aquatic flora,marine algae stand out in terms of high content of marine algae polysaccharides(MAP)such as carrageenan,alginate,fucoidan,laminaran,agarose,rhamnan,and ulvan.When hydrolyzed,MAP generate marine algae oligosaccharides(MAO),which have attracted interest in recent years due to their superior solubility compared with MAP.Besides,MAO have been demonstrated numerous biological activities including antioxidant,antidiabetic,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and prebiotic activities.Thus,this review summarizes the main chemical classes of MAO,their sources,and the main processes used for their production(i.e.,physical,chemical,and biological methods),coupled with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods.Highlights of the biological activities of MAO and their potential applications in food,nutraceutical,and pharmaceuticals would also be discussed and summarized.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 30230230, 40471069, and 30070429).
文摘The response of tomato （Lycopersicon esculentum） plants basically fertilized with 0.3 g N per plant of compound fertilizer with a N：P2O5：K2O ratio of 20：10：20 to sticks of polyolefin-coated fertilizer （POCF） （LongT0 with a N：P2Os：K2O ratio of 14：12：14） applied 23 d after transplanting was investigated using rooting boxes in the greenhouse. The results at 26 and 40 d after stick fertilizer treatment showed that the use of the stick fertilizer greatly increased the production of many new fine roots from the tomato plants. Compared to the unfertilized control, root length and root length density in the stick fertilizer treatment increased by 3.6-6.7 fold. In the soil zones near the stick fertilizer, root weight and root mass density were also significantly higher for the stick fertilizer treatment. Additionally, the use of the stick fertilizer increased the N, P and K concentrations in the leaves and stems of the tomato plants. The new fine roots growing near the stick fertilizer not only absorbed more nutrients and translocated them to the shoots, but also contained more nutrients within themselves. The soil ammonium and nitrate N data showed that N released from the stick fertilizer played a major role in inducing the production of new fine roots. These results indicated that stick fertilizer could be used as an alternative to the co-situs application technique to change and control the root distribution of crops as well as to increase the potential capacity of roots for water and nutrient absorption.
文摘By using the characteristic that poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) can be adhered to callulose acetais-nitrate membrane in high retentior tightly and ramdly,we developed a novel immunoamay method- polymer enayme Hnked immunoblotting amay method.Human serum HBsAg can detected as little as 10ng/ml with this immunoassay system.
文摘The nation-wide iron ore exploration is primarily based on aeromagnetic survey,based upon which a series of ground follow-up and drilling examination were carried out,and then reconnaissance and detailed investigation and exploration were fulfilled.However,for some large.
文摘A simple analytic embedded-atom model of monoatoms that includes more than nearest neighbours has been extended to study properties of binary liquid Cu-Ni alloys, here the two-body potential between different species of atoms is taken as a function of the two-body potential for the pure metals with a unique form which yields alloy models with the same invariance to electron density transformations as monoatomic models. Faber-Ziman structure factors have been computed by molecular dynamics simulation on the base of this model. The results are in good agreement with experimental data given by Waseda, thus supporting the overall validity of the approach, especially for cross potential of Cu-Ni pair. Further, a detailed description of structure of binary liquid Cu-Ni alloys with different compositions have been performed using pair analysis and bond orientational order method etc., and then the chemical short range order has also been examined to reveal the structural characterization.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.31971180 and No.11474013.
文摘Almost all the cellular processes in a living system are controlled by proteins:They regulate gene expression,catalyze chemical reactions,transport small molecules across membranes,and transmit signal across membranes.Even,a viral infection is often initiated through virus-host protein interactions.Protein-protein interactions(PPIs)are the physical contacts between two or more proteins and they represent complex biological functions.Nowadays,PPIs have been used to construct PPI networks to study complex pathways for revealing the functions of unknown proteins.Scientists have used PPIs to find the molecular basis of certain diseases and also some potential drug targets.In this review,we will discuss how PPI networks are essential to understand the molecular basis of virus-host relationships and several databases which are dedicated to virus-host interaction studies.Here,we present a short but comprehensive review on PPIs,including the experimental and computational methods of finding PPIs,the databases dedicated to virus-host PPIs,and the associated various applications in protein interaction networks of some lethal viruses with their hosts.
基金financially supported by projects of 2006AA06A208, 2013AA0639, 1212011120188 and 12120113099000
文摘1 Introduction Potassium is listed as one of the shortage of mineral resources in china.Geophysical and remote sensing technology plays an important role in prospecting for potash ressources.
文摘Objective:To study the clinical effect of applying clinical pathway teaching method in clinica1 teaching of cardiology.Methods:This paper verifies and calculates that 50 interns working in cardiology department in our hospita1 from October 2016 to October 2019 are divided into groups and comparea in the form of double-blind method.1he rererence group(n=25)uses traditional teachingmethods,and the experimental group(n=25)uses clinical pathway teaching method.The satisfaction degree,teaching quality,theoretical assessment results,operation assessment and comprehensive assessment results of interns in the experimental group and the reference group are compared.Results:The satisfaction degree,theoretical examination result,operation examinationt comprehensive examination result,improvement of team spirit,professiona1 quality,improvemen of professional ethics,standardized diagnosis and treatment,improvement of clinical problem handling ability,stimulation of learning interest and cultivation of clinical thinking of the interns in the experimental group were compared with those of the reference group(P<0.05),showing the value of statistica1 comparison and demonstration between data indexes.Conclusion:The application of clinical path-teaching method in clinical teaching of cardiology can improve the clinical teaching effect and teaching quality.
基金Supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities in Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics under Grant No NS2014089
文摘Surface potential decay of polymers for electrical insulation can help to determine the dark conductivity for spacecraft charging analysis. Due to the existence of radiation-induced conductivity, it decays fast in the first few hours after irradiation and exponentially slowly for the remaining time. The measurement of dark conductivity with this method usually takes the slow part and needs a couple of days. Integrating the Fowler formula into the deep dielectric charging equations, we obtain a new expression for the fast decay part. The experimental data of different materials, dose rates and temperatures are fitted by the new expression. Both the dark conductivity and the radiation-induced conductivity are derived and compared with other methods. The result shows a good estimation of dark conductivity and radiation-induced conductivity in high-resistivity polymers, which enables a fast measurement of dielectric conductivity within about 600 rain after irradiation.
