The Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura(ATL)protein is a subfamily of the E3 ubiquitin ligases,which exists widely in plants and is extensively involved in plant growth and development.Although the ATL family has been ide...The Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura(ATL)protein is a subfamily of the E3 ubiquitin ligases,which exists widely in plants and is extensively involved in plant growth and development.Although the ATL family has been identified in other species,such as Arabidopsis,Oryza sativa,and grapevine,few reports on pear ATL gene families have been reported.In this study,92 PbrATL genes were identified and analyzed from the Pyrus breschneideri genome.Motif analysis and phylogenetic tree generation divided them into nine subgroups,and chromosome localization analysis showed that the 92 PbrATL genes were distributed in 16 of 17 pear chromosomes.Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)experiments demonstrated that PbrATL18,PbrATL41,and PbrATL88 were involved in both pear drought resistance and Colletotrichum fructicola infection.In addition,Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing PbrATL18 showed greater resistance to drought stress than the wild type(WT),and PbrATL18-silenced pear seedlings showed greater sensitivity to drought and C.fructicola infection than the controls.PbrATL18 regulated plant resistance by regulating chitinase(CHI),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),polyphenol oxidase(PPO),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities.This study provided a reference for further exploring the functions of the PbrATL gene in drought resistance and C.fructicola infection.展开更多
High-quality height reference data are embedded in the accuracy verification processes of most remote sensing terrain applications.The Ice,Cloud,and Land elevation Satellite 2(ICESat-2)/ATL08 terrain product has shown...High-quality height reference data are embedded in the accuracy verification processes of most remote sensing terrain applications.The Ice,Cloud,and Land elevation Satellite 2(ICESat-2)/ATL08 terrain product has shown promising results for estimating ground heights,but it has not been fully evaluated.Hence,this study aims to assess and enhance the accuracy of the ATL08 terrain product as a height reference for the newest versions of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER),the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM),and TanDEM-X(TDX)DEMs over vegetated mountainous areas.We used uncertainty-based filtering method for the ATL08 strong and weak beams to enhance their accuracy.Then,the results were evaluated against a reference airborne LiDAR digital terrain model(DTM),by selecting 10,000 points over the entire area and comparing the accuracy of ASTER,SRTM,and TDX DEMs assessed by the LiDAR DTM to the accuracy of the ASTER,SRTM,and TDX DEMs assessed by the ATL08 strong beams,weak beams,and all beams.We also detected the impact of the terrain aspect,slope,and land cover types on the accuracy of the ATL08 terrain elevations and their relationship with height errors and uncertainty.Our findings show the accuracy of the ATL08 strong beams was enhanced by 43.91%;while the weak beams accuracy was enhanced by 74.05%.Furthermore,slope strongly influenced ATL08 height errors and height uncertainty;especially on the weak beams.The errors induced by the slope significantly decreased when the uncertainty levels were reduced to<20 m.The evaluations of ASTER,SRTM,and TDX DEMs by ATL08 strong and weak beams are close to those assessed by LiDAR DTM points within 0.6 m for the strong beams.These findings indicate that ATL08 strong beams can be used as a height reference over vegetated mountainous regions.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2022YFD1200503)Jiangsu Agriculture Science and Technology Innovation Fund[Grant No.CX(22)3046]+2 种基金the National Science Foundation of China(Grant No.32072538)the Project Funded by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutionsthe Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-28).
文摘The Arabidopsis Toxicos en Levadura(ATL)protein is a subfamily of the E3 ubiquitin ligases,which exists widely in plants and is extensively involved in plant growth and development.Although the ATL family has been identified in other species,such as Arabidopsis,Oryza sativa,and grapevine,few reports on pear ATL gene families have been reported.In this study,92 PbrATL genes were identified and analyzed from the Pyrus breschneideri genome.Motif analysis and phylogenetic tree generation divided them into nine subgroups,and chromosome localization analysis showed that the 92 PbrATL genes were distributed in 16 of 17 pear chromosomes.Transcriptome data and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR)experiments demonstrated that PbrATL18,PbrATL41,and PbrATL88 were involved in both pear drought resistance and Colletotrichum fructicola infection.In addition,Arabidopsis thaliana overexpressing PbrATL18 showed greater resistance to drought stress than the wild type(WT),and PbrATL18-silenced pear seedlings showed greater sensitivity to drought and C.fructicola infection than the controls.PbrATL18 regulated plant resistance by regulating chitinase(CHI),phenylalanine ammonia-lyase(PAL),polyphenol oxidase(PPO),catalase(CAT),peroxidase(POD),and superoxide dismutase(SOD)activities.This study provided a reference for further exploring the functions of the PbrATL gene in drought resistance and C.fructicola infection.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant of 42090012in part by the project supported by the Open Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory(220100009)+3 种基金in part by 03 special research and 5G project of Jiangxi province in China(20212ABC03A09)Zhuhai industry university research cooperation project of China(ZH22017001210098PWC)Sichuan Science and Technology Program(2022YFN0031)Zhizhuo Research Fund on Spatial-Temporal Artificial Intelligence(Grant No.ZZJJ202202).
文摘High-quality height reference data are embedded in the accuracy verification processes of most remote sensing terrain applications.The Ice,Cloud,and Land elevation Satellite 2(ICESat-2)/ATL08 terrain product has shown promising results for estimating ground heights,but it has not been fully evaluated.Hence,this study aims to assess and enhance the accuracy of the ATL08 terrain product as a height reference for the newest versions of the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer(ASTER),the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM),and TanDEM-X(TDX)DEMs over vegetated mountainous areas.We used uncertainty-based filtering method for the ATL08 strong and weak beams to enhance their accuracy.Then,the results were evaluated against a reference airborne LiDAR digital terrain model(DTM),by selecting 10,000 points over the entire area and comparing the accuracy of ASTER,SRTM,and TDX DEMs assessed by the LiDAR DTM to the accuracy of the ASTER,SRTM,and TDX DEMs assessed by the ATL08 strong beams,weak beams,and all beams.We also detected the impact of the terrain aspect,slope,and land cover types on the accuracy of the ATL08 terrain elevations and their relationship with height errors and uncertainty.Our findings show the accuracy of the ATL08 strong beams was enhanced by 43.91%;while the weak beams accuracy was enhanced by 74.05%.Furthermore,slope strongly influenced ATL08 height errors and height uncertainty;especially on the weak beams.The errors induced by the slope significantly decreased when the uncertainty levels were reduced to<20 m.The evaluations of ASTER,SRTM,and TDX DEMs by ATL08 strong and weak beams are close to those assessed by LiDAR DTM points within 0.6 m for the strong beams.These findings indicate that ATL08 strong beams can be used as a height reference over vegetated mountainous regions.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(10771179)the Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Henan Province (2010B110021)the Backbone Youth teacher Foundation of Xinyang Normal University
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of the Education Department of Henan Province(2009B110019)the Backbone Youth Teacher Foundation of Xinyang Normal University
