在产品市场需求不确定以及新产品和再制品的WTP(Willing To Pay,消费者支付意愿)存在差异的情况下,考虑政府对回收处理废弃电子产品行为的补贴,分别构建国家设立基金建立回收处理中心、制造商联盟建立回收处理中心和制造商自行建立回收...在产品市场需求不确定以及新产品和再制品的WTP(Willing To Pay,消费者支付意愿)存在差异的情况下,考虑政府对回收处理废弃电子产品行为的补贴,分别构建国家设立基金建立回收处理中心、制造商联盟建立回收处理中心和制造商自行建立回收处理中心回收处理废弃电子产品三种再制造回收模式的数学模型,给出求解的优化条件,然后通过数值仿真,对三种模式进行求解和比较,并探讨消费者支付意愿和政府补贴对回收模式的影响。结果表明:在制造商占主导地位的情况下,制造商自行建立回收处理中心模式下,制造商、销售商以及渠道整体的利润最高,产品定价最低,但是回收率也最低;在其他条件不变的情况下,随着再制品消费者支付意愿的增加,三种模式中再制品的定价都大幅增加,新产品定价和回收率以及制造商和销售商的利润都小幅度增加;随着政府补贴的增加,三种模式下的回收率都大幅增加。展开更多
条件估值法(ContingentValuation Method,CVM),通过询问人们对于环境质量改善的支付意愿(W illingness To Pay,WTP)或受到损害后的受偿意愿(W illingness To Accept,WTA)来评估环境物品或服务的价值。虽然对CVM的准确性存在争议,但这一...条件估值法(ContingentValuation Method,CVM),通过询问人们对于环境质量改善的支付意愿(W illingness To Pay,WTP)或受到损害后的受偿意愿(W illingness To Accept,WTA)来评估环境物品或服务的价值。虽然对CVM的准确性存在争议,但这一方法正被越来越广泛地应用,人们认识到这一方法能够解决许多无法解决的问题。空气污染一直是澳门的环境问题,空气污染造成的损害是多方面的。本研究分2次进行,2002年12月SARS(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome)爆发前,进行了WTP的调查,打电话调查样本1 600个,回收有效问卷720份;2004年3月SARS爆发后,又进行了WTA调查,打电话调查样本1 336个,回收有效问卷543份。本研究旨在采用CVM中之WTP和WTA方法,分析比较SARS爆发前后,居民对澳门空气污染损失的意愿价值的变化情况,探讨WTP和WTA两种研究方法的估值差异,为城市环境管理提供决策依据。本研究的特点:①对调查的误差进行了统计学分析;②CVM的调查采用支付意愿和受偿意愿相结合的对比研究。经济分析结果表明,2002年SARS爆发前,以WTP分析得出澳门空气污染的年经济损失保守估计值为3.77亿MOP(澳门元,1美元=8.033MOP)、占当年GDP的0.69%;2004年SARS爆发后,以WTA法分析得出澳门空气污染的年经济损失最高估计值为14.32亿MOP/年,占当年GDP的2.2%。研究表明,SARS爆发后,居民的环护意识有不同程度的提高。展开更多
On the basis of questionnaire survey,by adopting Contingent Valuation Method,residents' WTP for the protection of Yellow River Hoodoo National Geopark in Longwan Village,Jingtai County of Gansu Province was invest...On the basis of questionnaire survey,by adopting Contingent Valuation Method,residents' WTP for the protection of Yellow River Hoodoo National Geopark in Longwan Village,Jingtai County of Gansu Province was investigated.The result showed that tourism development had greatly influenced local society,economy and culture.Residents in this area had a strong awareness of all the factors above mentioned and showed a positive attitude.Local residents would definitely like to provide a certain degree of labor or money to promote the development of tourism,which was different from the residents' attitude of developed countries.To some extent,it reflected the characteristics of tourism development in developing countries.However,the result of this paper that demographic among residents had little effect on WTP also differed from previous researches.The improvement of living standard and residents' consciousness of environmental protection were the main reasons affecting residents' WTP.Besides,the amount of payment was also in remarkable correlation with the improvement of living standard and the destruction degree of local ecological environment.展开更多
文摘在产品市场需求不确定以及新产品和再制品的WTP(Willing To Pay,消费者支付意愿)存在差异的情况下,考虑政府对回收处理废弃电子产品行为的补贴,分别构建国家设立基金建立回收处理中心、制造商联盟建立回收处理中心和制造商自行建立回收处理中心回收处理废弃电子产品三种再制造回收模式的数学模型,给出求解的优化条件,然后通过数值仿真,对三种模式进行求解和比较,并探讨消费者支付意愿和政府补贴对回收模式的影响。结果表明:在制造商占主导地位的情况下,制造商自行建立回收处理中心模式下,制造商、销售商以及渠道整体的利润最高,产品定价最低,但是回收率也最低;在其他条件不变的情况下,随着再制品消费者支付意愿的增加,三种模式中再制品的定价都大幅增加,新产品定价和回收率以及制造商和销售商的利润都小幅度增加;随着政府补贴的增加,三种模式下的回收率都大幅增加。
基金Supported by State National Sciences Foundation(50879033)~~
文摘On the basis of questionnaire survey,by adopting Contingent Valuation Method,residents' WTP for the protection of Yellow River Hoodoo National Geopark in Longwan Village,Jingtai County of Gansu Province was investigated.The result showed that tourism development had greatly influenced local society,economy and culture.Residents in this area had a strong awareness of all the factors above mentioned and showed a positive attitude.Local residents would definitely like to provide a certain degree of labor or money to promote the development of tourism,which was different from the residents' attitude of developed countries.To some extent,it reflected the characteristics of tourism development in developing countries.However,the result of this paper that demographic among residents had little effect on WTP also differed from previous researches.The improvement of living standard and residents' consciousness of environmental protection were the main reasons affecting residents' WTP.Besides,the amount of payment was also in remarkable correlation with the improvement of living standard and the destruction degree of local ecological environment.
