The Seppic Company developed a new adjuvant Montanide ISA 201 VG, the upgraded version of Montanide ISA 206 VG, which keep the advantage and added some chemical components on the basis of ISA 206 to improve the cellul...The Seppic Company developed a new adjuvant Montanide ISA 201 VG, the upgraded version of Montanide ISA 206 VG, which keep the advantage and added some chemical components on the basis of ISA 206 to improve the cellular responses. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of swine FMD (foot-and-mouth) vaccine emulsified with oil adjuvant of ISA 201 or ISA 206 respectively. The pigs were vaccinated with FMD vaccine emulsified with inactive FMD type O antigen and adjuvant ISA 201 or ISA 206 respectively, according to 2.0 ml (1/1 dose), 0.67 ml (1/3 dose), 0.22 ml (1/9 dose) to calculate their PD50. The sera were collected from the vaccination of the day 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and the ELISA FMD type O antibody were detected. Furthermore, the PD50 were calculated after the pigs were challenged with virulent FMDV type O on 28 days post vaccination. The ELISA antibody titers of 201vaccine were significantly higher than that of 206 (except the third time). The fifty percent of protection dose (PD50) of 201 vaccine (PD50 = 15.59) was higher than that of 206 vaccine (PD50 = 10.05). The above data showed that the efficacy of the FMD vaccine emulsified with ISA 201 was better than which with ISA 206.展开更多
Element doping has been proved to be a useful method to correct for the mass bias fractionation when analyzing iron isotope compositions.We present a systematic re-assessment on how the doped nickel may affect the iro...Element doping has been proved to be a useful method to correct for the mass bias fractionation when analyzing iron isotope compositions.We present a systematic re-assessment on how the doped nickel may affect the iron isotope analysis in this study by carrying out several experiments.We find three important factors that can affect the analytical results,including the Ni:Fe ratio in the analyte solutions,the match of the Ni:Fe ratio between the unknown sample and standard solutions,and the match of the Fe concentration between the sample and standard solutions.Thus,caution is required when adding Ni to the analyte Fe solutions before analysis.Using our method,theδ56Fe and δ57Fe values of the USGS standards W-2 a,BHVO-2,BCR-2,AGV-2 and GSP-2 are consistent with the recommended literature values,and the long-term(one year) external reproducibility is better than 0.03 and 0.05‰(2 SD) for δ56Fe and δ57Fe,respectively.Therefore,the analytical method established in our laboratory is a method of choice for high quantity Fe isotope data in geological materials.展开更多
Fig.7 Iron isotope compositions of various geological samples relative to IRMM-014 analyzed over the period of three months.The gray line represents a linear regression ofδ^56Fe vs.δ^57 Fe with a slope of 1.490±...Fig.7 Iron isotope compositions of various geological samples relative to IRMM-014 analyzed over the period of three months.The gray line represents a linear regression ofδ^56Fe vs.δ^57 Fe with a slope of 1.490±0.015(SE)(R^2=0.9665,N=332).This relationship is statistically consistent with both theoretical predictions of mass-dependent isotope fractionation(slope of 1.475;Young et al.2002)and with previously measured isotopic mass-dependent fractionation trends using Nu Plasma(slope of 1.482;Chen et.al.2017a).展开更多
“Keeping our original aspiration to realize the dream”!This ancient Chinese saying has inspired many for centuries.To drill the intact ocean crust through the Moho(crust-mantle boundary)into the mantle to reveal the...“Keeping our original aspiration to realize the dream”!This ancient Chinese saying has inspired many for centuries.To drill the intact ocean crust through the Moho(crust-mantle boundary)into the mantle to reveal the mysteries of the deep earth was the very aspiration of the well-known Project Mohole(1957–1966).This 60-year-old dream remains unrealized because of the cost and technological challenges.But this mission is not impossible if we persevere to cope with the challenges through continued scientific collaboration and international cooperation using a state-ofthe-art drilling vessel that is cost effective and technologically capable.The purpose-built D/V Meng Xiang(or“Dream”in Chinese)is the very tool of choice towards realization of this long-awaited dream.Indeed,D/V Meng Xiang carries the dream of global scientists to penetrate the Moho seismic discontinuity(Fig.1).展开更多
The effect of paleo-Pacific subduction on the geological evolution of the western Pacific and continental China is likely complex. Nevertheless, our analysis of the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids in the eastern c...The effect of paleo-Pacific subduction on the geological evolution of the western Pacific and continental China is likely complex. Nevertheless, our analysis of the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids in the eastern continental China in space and time has led us to an interesting conclusion： The basement of the continental shelf beneath East and South China Seas may actually be of exotic origin geologically unrelated to the continental lithosphere of eastern China. By accepting the notion that the Jurassic- Cretaceous granitoids in the region are genetically associated with western Pacific subduction and the concept that subduction may cease to continue only if the trench is being jammed, then the termination of the granitoid magmatism throughout the vast region at -88±2 Ma manifests the likelihood of ＂sudden＂, or shortly beforehand （- 100 Ma）, trench jam of the Mesozoic western Pacific subduction. Trench jam happens if the incoming ＂plate＂ or portion of the plate contains a sizeable mass that is too buoyant to subduct. The best candidate for such a buoyant and unsubductable mass is either an oceanic plateau or a micro-continent. We hypothesize that the basement of the Chinese continental shelf represents such an exotic, buoyant and unsubductable mass, rather than seaward extension of the continental lithosphere of eastern China. The locus of the jammed trench （i.e., the suture） is predictably located on the shelf in the vicinity of, and parallel to, the arc-curved coastal line of the southeast continental China. It is not straightforward to locate the locus in the northern section of the East China Sea shelf because of the more recent （〈20 Ma） tectonic re-organization associated with the opening of the Sea of Japan. We predict that the trench jam at - 100 Ma led to the re-orientation of the Pacific plate motion in the course of NNW direction as inferred from the age-progressive Emperor Seamount Chain of Hawaiian hotspot origin （its oldest unsubdued Meiji and Detroit seamounts are -82 Ma）, making the boundary between the Pacific plate and the newly accreted plate of eastern Asia transform fault at the location east of the continental shelf of exotic origin. This explains the apparent-40 Myr magmatic gap from - 88 to - 50 Ma prior to present-day western Pacific subduction initiation. We propose that basement penetration drilling on well-chosen sites is needed to test the hypothesis in order to reveal the true nature of the Chinese continental shelf basement. This testing becomes critical and cannot longer be neglected in order to genuinely understand the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific and its effect on the geology of eastern China since the Mesozoic, including the cratonic lithosphere thinning, related magmatism/mineralization, and the mechanism of the subsequent South China Sea opening, while also offering novel perspectives on aspects of the plate tectonics theory. We also suggest the importance of future plate tectonic reconstruction of the western Pacific to consider the nature and histories of the Chinese continental shelf of exotic origin as well as the probable transform plate boundary from - 100 to -50 Ma. Effort is needed to reveal the true nature and origin of the - 88 ± 2 Ma granitic gneisses in Taiwan and the 110-88 Ma granitoids on the Hainan Island.展开更多
Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） is the most commonly used technique to deter- mine the abundances of trace elements in a wide range of geological materials. However, incomplete sample digestion...Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） is the most commonly used technique to deter- mine the abundances of trace elements in a wide range of geological materials. However, incomplete sample digestion, isobaric interferences and instrumental drift remain obvious problems that must be overcome in order to obtain precise and accurate results, For this reason, we have done many experi- ments and developed a set of simple, cost-effective and practical methods widely applicable for precise and rapid determination of trace element abundances in geological materials using ICP-MS. Commonly used high-pressure digestion technique is indeed effective in decomposing refractory phases, but this inevitably produces fluoride complexes that create new problems. We demonstrate that the fluoride complexes formed during high-pressure digestion can be readily re-dissolved using high-pressure vessel at 190 ℃ for only 2 h for 50 mg sample. In the case of isobaric interferences, although oxide （e.g., MO^＋/M^＋） and hydroxide （e.g., MO^＋/M^＋） productivity is variable between runs, the （MO^＋/M^＋）/（CeO^＋/Ce^＋） and （MOH^＋/M^＋）/（CeO^＋/Ce^＋） ratios remain constant, making isobaric interference correction for all other elements of interest straightforward, for which we provide an easy-to-use off-line procedure. We also show that mass-time-intensity drift curve is smooth as recognized previously, for which the correction can be readily done by analyzing a quality-control （QC） solution and using off-line Excel VBA procedure without internal standards. With these methods, we can produce data in reasonable agreement with rec- ommended values of international rock reference standards with a relative error of 〈8% and precision generally better than 5%. Importantly, compared to the widely used analytical practice, we can effectively save 〉60% of time （e.g., 〈24 h vs. 〉60 h）.展开更多
Activity hijacking is one of the most powerful attacks in Android. Though promising, all the prior activity hijacking attacks suffer from some limitations and have limited attack capabilities. They no longer pose secu...Activity hijacking is one of the most powerful attacks in Android. Though promising, all the prior activity hijacking attacks suffer from some limitations and have limited attack capabilities. They no longer pose security threats in recent Android due to the presence of effective defense mechanisms. In this work, we propose the first automated and adaptive activity hijacking attack, named VenomAttack, enabling a spectrum of customized attacks (e.g., phishing, spoofing, and DoS) on a large scale in recent Android, even the state-of-the-art defense mechanisms are deployed. Specifically, we propose to use hotpatch techniques to identify vulnerable devices and update attack payload without re-installation and re-distribution, hence bypassing offline detection. We present a newly-discovered flaw in Android and a bug in derivatives of Android, each of which allows us to check if a target app is running in the background or not, by which we can determine the right attack timing via a designed transparent activity. We also propose an automated fake activity generation approach, allowing large-scale attacks. Requiring only the common permission INTERNET, we can hijack activities at the right timing without destroying the GUI integrity of the foreground app. We conduct proof-of-concept attacks, showing that VenomAttack poses severe security risks on recent Android versions. The user study demonstrates the effectiveness of VenomAttack in real-world scenarios, achieving a high success rate (95%) without users’ awareness. That would call more attention to the stakeholders like Google.展开更多
文摘The Seppic Company developed a new adjuvant Montanide ISA 201 VG, the upgraded version of Montanide ISA 206 VG, which keep the advantage and added some chemical components on the basis of ISA 206 to improve the cellular responses. The aim of the study is to compare the efficacy of swine FMD (foot-and-mouth) vaccine emulsified with oil adjuvant of ISA 201 or ISA 206 respectively. The pigs were vaccinated with FMD vaccine emulsified with inactive FMD type O antigen and adjuvant ISA 201 or ISA 206 respectively, according to 2.0 ml (1/1 dose), 0.67 ml (1/3 dose), 0.22 ml (1/9 dose) to calculate their PD50. The sera were collected from the vaccination of the day 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and the ELISA FMD type O antibody were detected. Furthermore, the PD50 were calculated after the pigs were challenged with virulent FMDV type O on 28 days post vaccination. The ELISA antibody titers of 201vaccine were significantly higher than that of 206 (except the third time). The fifty percent of protection dose (PD50) of 201 vaccine (PD50 = 15.59) was higher than that of 206 vaccine (PD50 = 10.05). The above data showed that the efficacy of the FMD vaccine emulsified with ISA 201 was better than which with ISA 206.
基金This work was supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China(Grant Numbers 41776067 and 41630968).
文摘Element doping has been proved to be a useful method to correct for the mass bias fractionation when analyzing iron isotope compositions.We present a systematic re-assessment on how the doped nickel may affect the iron isotope analysis in this study by carrying out several experiments.We find three important factors that can affect the analytical results,including the Ni:Fe ratio in the analyte solutions,the match of the Ni:Fe ratio between the unknown sample and standard solutions,and the match of the Fe concentration between the sample and standard solutions.Thus,caution is required when adding Ni to the analyte Fe solutions before analysis.Using our method,theδ56Fe and δ57Fe values of the USGS standards W-2 a,BHVO-2,BCR-2,AGV-2 and GSP-2 are consistent with the recommended literature values,and the long-term(one year) external reproducibility is better than 0.03 and 0.05‰(2 SD) for δ56Fe and δ57Fe,respectively.Therefore,the analytical method established in our laboratory is a method of choice for high quantity Fe isotope data in geological materials.
基金supported by National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers 41776067 and 41630968)
文摘Fig.7 Iron isotope compositions of various geological samples relative to IRMM-014 analyzed over the period of three months.The gray line represents a linear regression ofδ^56Fe vs.δ^57 Fe with a slope of 1.490±0.015(SE)(R^2=0.9665,N=332).This relationship is statistically consistent with both theoretical predictions of mass-dependent isotope fractionation(slope of 1.475;Young et al.2002)and with previously measured isotopic mass-dependent fractionation trends using Nu Plasma(slope of 1.482;Chen et.al.2017a).
文摘“Keeping our original aspiration to realize the dream”!This ancient Chinese saying has inspired many for centuries.To drill the intact ocean crust through the Moho(crust-mantle boundary)into the mantle to reveal the mysteries of the deep earth was the very aspiration of the well-known Project Mohole(1957–1966).This 60-year-old dream remains unrealized because of the cost and technological challenges.But this mission is not impossible if we persevere to cope with the challenges through continued scientific collaboration and international cooperation using a state-ofthe-art drilling vessel that is cost effective and technologically capable.The purpose-built D/V Meng Xiang(or“Dream”in Chinese)is the very tool of choice towards realization of this long-awaited dream.Indeed,D/V Meng Xiang carries the dream of global scientists to penetrate the Moho seismic discontinuity(Fig.1).
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41130314,91014003)Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation(Y42217101L),grants from Regional and Local Authorities(Shandong Province and City of Qingdao)+1 种基金supported by National Oceanography Laboratory in Qingdaosupported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)
文摘The effect of paleo-Pacific subduction on the geological evolution of the western Pacific and continental China is likely complex. Nevertheless, our analysis of the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids in the eastern continental China in space and time has led us to an interesting conclusion： The basement of the continental shelf beneath East and South China Seas may actually be of exotic origin geologically unrelated to the continental lithosphere of eastern China. By accepting the notion that the Jurassic- Cretaceous granitoids in the region are genetically associated with western Pacific subduction and the concept that subduction may cease to continue only if the trench is being jammed, then the termination of the granitoid magmatism throughout the vast region at -88±2 Ma manifests the likelihood of ＂sudden＂, or shortly beforehand （- 100 Ma）, trench jam of the Mesozoic western Pacific subduction. Trench jam happens if the incoming ＂plate＂ or portion of the plate contains a sizeable mass that is too buoyant to subduct. The best candidate for such a buoyant and unsubductable mass is either an oceanic plateau or a micro-continent. We hypothesize that the basement of the Chinese continental shelf represents such an exotic, buoyant and unsubductable mass, rather than seaward extension of the continental lithosphere of eastern China. The locus of the jammed trench （i.e., the suture） is predictably located on the shelf in the vicinity of, and parallel to, the arc-curved coastal line of the southeast continental China. It is not straightforward to locate the locus in the northern section of the East China Sea shelf because of the more recent （〈20 Ma） tectonic re-organization associated with the opening of the Sea of Japan. We predict that the trench jam at - 100 Ma led to the re-orientation of the Pacific plate motion in the course of NNW direction as inferred from the age-progressive Emperor Seamount Chain of Hawaiian hotspot origin （its oldest unsubdued Meiji and Detroit seamounts are -82 Ma）, making the boundary between the Pacific plate and the newly accreted plate of eastern Asia transform fault at the location east of the continental shelf of exotic origin. This explains the apparent-40 Myr magmatic gap from - 88 to - 50 Ma prior to present-day western Pacific subduction initiation. We propose that basement penetration drilling on well-chosen sites is needed to test the hypothesis in order to reveal the true nature of the Chinese continental shelf basement. This testing becomes critical and cannot longer be neglected in order to genuinely understand the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific and its effect on the geology of eastern China since the Mesozoic, including the cratonic lithosphere thinning, related magmatism/mineralization, and the mechanism of the subsequent South China Sea opening, while also offering novel perspectives on aspects of the plate tectonics theory. We also suggest the importance of future plate tectonic reconstruction of the western Pacific to consider the nature and histories of the Chinese continental shelf of exotic origin as well as the probable transform plate boundary from - 100 to -50 Ma. Effort is needed to reveal the true nature and origin of the - 88 ± 2 Ma granitic gneisses in Taiwan and the 110-88 Ma granitoids on the Hainan Island.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(41130314 and 41630968)Chinese Academy of Sciences Innovation Grant(Y42217101L)+1 种基金Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(2015ASKJ03)Marine Geological Process and Environment(U1606401)
文摘Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry （ICP-MS） is the most commonly used technique to deter- mine the abundances of trace elements in a wide range of geological materials. However, incomplete sample digestion, isobaric interferences and instrumental drift remain obvious problems that must be overcome in order to obtain precise and accurate results, For this reason, we have done many experi- ments and developed a set of simple, cost-effective and practical methods widely applicable for precise and rapid determination of trace element abundances in geological materials using ICP-MS. Commonly used high-pressure digestion technique is indeed effective in decomposing refractory phases, but this inevitably produces fluoride complexes that create new problems. We demonstrate that the fluoride complexes formed during high-pressure digestion can be readily re-dissolved using high-pressure vessel at 190 ℃ for only 2 h for 50 mg sample. In the case of isobaric interferences, although oxide （e.g., MO^＋/M^＋） and hydroxide （e.g., MO^＋/M^＋） productivity is variable between runs, the （MO^＋/M^＋）/（CeO^＋/Ce^＋） and （MOH^＋/M^＋）/（CeO^＋/Ce^＋） ratios remain constant, making isobaric interference correction for all other elements of interest straightforward, for which we provide an easy-to-use off-line procedure. We also show that mass-time-intensity drift curve is smooth as recognized previously, for which the correction can be readily done by analyzing a quality-control （QC） solution and using off-line Excel VBA procedure without internal standards. With these methods, we can produce data in reasonable agreement with rec- ommended values of international rock reference standards with a relative error of 〈8% and precision generally better than 5%. Importantly, compared to the widely used analytical practice, we can effectively save 〉60% of time （e.g., 〈24 h vs. 〉60 h）.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62072309 and 6171101225).
文摘Activity hijacking is one of the most powerful attacks in Android. Though promising, all the prior activity hijacking attacks suffer from some limitations and have limited attack capabilities. They no longer pose security threats in recent Android due to the presence of effective defense mechanisms. In this work, we propose the first automated and adaptive activity hijacking attack, named VenomAttack, enabling a spectrum of customized attacks (e.g., phishing, spoofing, and DoS) on a large scale in recent Android, even the state-of-the-art defense mechanisms are deployed. Specifically, we propose to use hotpatch techniques to identify vulnerable devices and update attack payload without re-installation and re-distribution, hence bypassing offline detection. We present a newly-discovered flaw in Android and a bug in derivatives of Android, each of which allows us to check if a target app is running in the background or not, by which we can determine the right attack timing via a designed transparent activity. We also propose an automated fake activity generation approach, allowing large-scale attacks. Requiring only the common permission INTERNET, we can hijack activities at the right timing without destroying the GUI integrity of the foreground app. We conduct proof-of-concept attacks, showing that VenomAttack poses severe security risks on recent Android versions. The user study demonstrates the effectiveness of VenomAttack in real-world scenarios, achieving a high success rate (95%) without users’ awareness. That would call more attention to the stakeholders like Google.
