The High Mountain Asia(HMA) hosts the largest and most extensive mid-to low-latitude mountain glaciers,forming a crucial part of the “Asian Water Tower”.The temporal span of remote sensing data in previous regional ...The High Mountain Asia(HMA) hosts the largest and most extensive mid-to low-latitude mountain glaciers,forming a crucial part of the “Asian Water Tower”.The temporal span of remote sensing data in previous regional glacier inventories impacts quantitative estimates in glaciological studies.Remote sensing big data,including cloud-free Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 optical imagery,along with Sentinel-1 SAR data during the ablation period from July to September 2020,were utilized to generate a new time-stamped glacier inventory for the HMA(HMAGI-2020).Glacier outlines were automatically delineated using a VGG16-UNET deep learning model,leveraging unique spectral,polarization,and topographic characteristics as inputs,achieving an accuracy of up to 92.8%.The automated results were segmented based on existing glacier inventories,followed by manual corrections conducted primarily using Sentinel-2,supplemented by Landsat-8 in areas covered by optical imagery.A total of 93043 glaciers were manually corrected,and 15 attributes,including area,perimeter,and terrain parameters derived from the Copernicus DEM,were calculated for each glacier.The HMAGI-2020 includes 97934 glaciers whose area is larger than 0.01 km^(2),covering an area of 91837.77±2527.70 km^(2).The mean uncertainty of glacier delineation was calculated to be ±6.67% using a buffer-zone method combined with the VGG16-UNET.Across the HMA,the average glacier surface elevation is approximately 5094 m,with an average slope of 25.66°.Over 75% of glaciers are oriented toward the south,southwest,or southeast.Comparison with previous glacier inventories revealed a retreat of HMA glaciers over the past two decades,with glacier area reductions exceeding 20% in the southeastern HMA.In contrast,the Karakoram-West Kunlun region remains relatively stable,with only a slight area increase of less than 1%.Due to its advantages in data source consistency and temporal precision,the HMAGI-2020 is regarded as providing accurate glacier boundaries and attributes in 2020.This inventory is expected to provide essential data support for research on glaciology,climate change,and water resource management of the HMA in the context of global change.展开更多
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL)therapy was recently approved for melanoma patients;however,the dynamic changes in T cell subpopulations during TIL production remain poorly understood.Here,we analyzed epithelial ova...Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL)therapy was recently approved for melanoma patients;however,the dynamic changes in T cell subpopulations during TIL production remain poorly understood.Here,we analyzed epithelial ovarian cancer samples at various stages of ex vivo TIL culture using paired single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing.We also assessed the expansion potential and tumor reactivity of the identified TIL subpopulations.Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that CD8^(+) TILs exhibited reduced cellular diversity following ex vivo expansion,selectively expanding stem-like TCF7^(+) precursors of exhausted T cells(Tpex)and effector-like tissue-resident memory(Trm)cells.TCR clonotype analysis showed that Tpex cells accumulated through self-renewal,while Trm cells primarily originated from TCF7^(+)GZMK+early effector memory cells in tumors.Additionally,TCR tracing identified preferential activation and reprogramming of CD4^(+)T follicular helper(Tfh)-like cells,especially TCF7+ones.All three TCF7+subpopulations showed robust expansion potential and tumor reactivity in vitro.Notably,CCR7^(+)CD200^(+)T cells,enriched for TCF-1+CD8^(+)Tpex and CD4^(+)Tfh-like cells in the tumor microenvironment,exhibited self-renewal during in vitro expansion and demonstrated tumor reactivity both in vivo and in vitro.These findings highlight the selective expansion of tumor-reactive TCF7^(+)T cells during TIL culture and suggest that CCR7 and CD200 serve as important surface markers for generating stem-like,tumor-reactive cells,potentially improving TIL therapy in cancers.展开更多
Lake ice phenology is a critical climate change indicator,impacting the energy exchange between lakes and the atmosphere,as well as hydrological and ecological processes in lakes.As a climate-sensitive region,lake ice...Lake ice phenology is a critical climate change indicator,impacting the energy exchange between lakes and the atmosphere,as well as hydrological and ecological processes in lakes.As a climate-sensitive region,lake ice phenology on the Mongolian Plateau has been rarely studied.MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)daily snow products from 2000 to 2023 are used to investigate the ice phenology change of 61 lakes on the Mongolian Plateau in this study,influencing factors are explored,and data from CMIP6(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6)models are used to predict its future spatiotemporal changes under the different greenhouse gas emission scenarios.The results indicate that the overall cloud cover of MODIS data in lake areas decreased to 13.77%after cloud removal by dual-satellite and nearest date combination,and the lake ice phenology extracted from MODIS data shows good consistency with AMSR-E/2 products.From2000 to 2023,most lakes on the Mongolian Plateau showed later freezeup dates,earlier breakup dates,and shorter ice cover durations.Lake attributes are primarily related to the freezing process of lake ice,while climate factors affect both freezing and thawing processes,with a greater impact on the breakup date.Predictions based on the random forest model suggest that,relative to 2022–2023,whichever scenario(SSP126,SSP245,SSP370,and SSP585),the average freezeup date will be delayed,the average breakup date will be advanced,and the ice cover duration will be shortened.As radiative forcing increases,differences in lake ice phenology across different stages become more pronounced.These findings have great significance for adaptation to climate change and the reasonable utilization of water resources on the Mongolian Plateau.展开更多
基金supported by the International Cooperation Project of Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BZ2024032)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41830105, 42201135)。
文摘The High Mountain Asia(HMA) hosts the largest and most extensive mid-to low-latitude mountain glaciers,forming a crucial part of the “Asian Water Tower”.The temporal span of remote sensing data in previous regional glacier inventories impacts quantitative estimates in glaciological studies.Remote sensing big data,including cloud-free Sentinel-2 and Landsat-8 optical imagery,along with Sentinel-1 SAR data during the ablation period from July to September 2020,were utilized to generate a new time-stamped glacier inventory for the HMA(HMAGI-2020).Glacier outlines were automatically delineated using a VGG16-UNET deep learning model,leveraging unique spectral,polarization,and topographic characteristics as inputs,achieving an accuracy of up to 92.8%.The automated results were segmented based on existing glacier inventories,followed by manual corrections conducted primarily using Sentinel-2,supplemented by Landsat-8 in areas covered by optical imagery.A total of 93043 glaciers were manually corrected,and 15 attributes,including area,perimeter,and terrain parameters derived from the Copernicus DEM,were calculated for each glacier.The HMAGI-2020 includes 97934 glaciers whose area is larger than 0.01 km^(2),covering an area of 91837.77±2527.70 km^(2).The mean uncertainty of glacier delineation was calculated to be ±6.67% using a buffer-zone method combined with the VGG16-UNET.Across the HMA,the average glacier surface elevation is approximately 5094 m,with an average slope of 25.66°.Over 75% of glaciers are oriented toward the south,southwest,or southeast.Comparison with previous glacier inventories revealed a retreat of HMA glaciers over the past two decades,with glacier area reductions exceeding 20% in the southeastern HMA.In contrast,the Karakoram-West Kunlun region remains relatively stable,with only a slight area increase of less than 1%.Due to its advantages in data source consistency and temporal precision,the HMAGI-2020 is regarded as providing accurate glacier boundaries and attributes in 2020.This inventory is expected to provide essential data support for research on glaciology,climate change,and water resource management of the HMA in the context of global change.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFC2302403,2022YFC2704703,2022YFC2702204,2024YFA1306001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31991173,31991170,82271701,81730039,82071653,82102853,82372888)+2 种基金the Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Commission Project(PW2022D-05)Peking University Clinical Scientist Training Program of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(BMU2024PYJH008)supported by a New Cornerstone Investigator award.
文摘Tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte(TIL)therapy was recently approved for melanoma patients;however,the dynamic changes in T cell subpopulations during TIL production remain poorly understood.Here,we analyzed epithelial ovarian cancer samples at various stages of ex vivo TIL culture using paired single-cell RNA and TCR sequencing.We also assessed the expansion potential and tumor reactivity of the identified TIL subpopulations.Single-cell transcriptomic analysis revealed that CD8^(+) TILs exhibited reduced cellular diversity following ex vivo expansion,selectively expanding stem-like TCF7^(+) precursors of exhausted T cells(Tpex)and effector-like tissue-resident memory(Trm)cells.TCR clonotype analysis showed that Tpex cells accumulated through self-renewal,while Trm cells primarily originated from TCF7^(+)GZMK+early effector memory cells in tumors.Additionally,TCR tracing identified preferential activation and reprogramming of CD4^(+)T follicular helper(Tfh)-like cells,especially TCF7+ones.All three TCF7+subpopulations showed robust expansion potential and tumor reactivity in vitro.Notably,CCR7^(+)CD200^(+)T cells,enriched for TCF-1+CD8^(+)Tpex and CD4^(+)Tfh-like cells in the tumor microenvironment,exhibited self-renewal during in vitro expansion and demonstrated tumor reactivity both in vivo and in vitro.These findings highlight the selective expansion of tumor-reactive TCF7^(+)T cells during TIL culture and suggest that CCR7 and CD200 serve as important surface markers for generating stem-like,tumor-reactive cells,potentially improving TIL therapy in cancers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42201135,42011530120)International Cooperation Project of Science and Technology Plan of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BZ2024032)。
文摘Lake ice phenology is a critical climate change indicator,impacting the energy exchange between lakes and the atmosphere,as well as hydrological and ecological processes in lakes.As a climate-sensitive region,lake ice phenology on the Mongolian Plateau has been rarely studied.MODIS(Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer)daily snow products from 2000 to 2023 are used to investigate the ice phenology change of 61 lakes on the Mongolian Plateau in this study,influencing factors are explored,and data from CMIP6(Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6)models are used to predict its future spatiotemporal changes under the different greenhouse gas emission scenarios.The results indicate that the overall cloud cover of MODIS data in lake areas decreased to 13.77%after cloud removal by dual-satellite and nearest date combination,and the lake ice phenology extracted from MODIS data shows good consistency with AMSR-E/2 products.From2000 to 2023,most lakes on the Mongolian Plateau showed later freezeup dates,earlier breakup dates,and shorter ice cover durations.Lake attributes are primarily related to the freezing process of lake ice,while climate factors affect both freezing and thawing processes,with a greater impact on the breakup date.Predictions based on the random forest model suggest that,relative to 2022–2023,whichever scenario(SSP126,SSP245,SSP370,and SSP585),the average freezeup date will be delayed,the average breakup date will be advanced,and the ice cover duration will be shortened.As radiative forcing increases,differences in lake ice phenology across different stages become more pronounced.These findings have great significance for adaptation to climate change and the reasonable utilization of water resources on the Mongolian Plateau.
