随着UICC/AJCC第9版TNM分期体系的实施,胃肠道肿瘤病理报告正由传统叙述式模式向结构化、要素化/字段化及临床路径导向模式转变。本文围绕UICC/AJCC第9版TNM分期在食管、胃、小肠、阑尾、结直肠及肛管肿瘤中的关键更新要点,重点阐述治...随着UICC/AJCC第9版TNM分期体系的实施,胃肠道肿瘤病理报告正由传统叙述式模式向结构化、要素化/字段化及临床路径导向模式转变。本文围绕UICC/AJCC第9版TNM分期在食管、胃、小肠、阑尾、结直肠及肛管肿瘤中的关键更新要点,重点阐述治疗后分期以“残余活肿瘤细胞”为依据、结直肠癌肿瘤沉积(tumor deposits,TD)与壁外血管侵犯(extramural vascular invasion,EMVI)/神经周围侵犯(perineural invasion,PNI)的并行报告原则、直肠环周切缘(circumferential resection margin,CRM)与肿瘤退缩分级(tumor regression grade,TRG)的评估标准、阑尾黏液性肿瘤M1a/M1b分层依据以及分子分层在治疗路径中的应用等内容。同时结合国际癌症报告联盟(International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting,ICCR)与北美病理医师学会(College of American Pathologists,CAP)等数据集,提出结构化病理报告核心字段/要素设置及科室实施策略,旨在推动TNM分期更新在临床实践中的规范化和均质化应用,并提升病理报告对多学科精准诊疗的支持能力。展开更多
为了解置信职业行为(entrustable professional activities,EPAs)在药学领域的研究进展,本文检索国内外相关文献,从构建和应用两方面进行分析,旨在为我国药学教育领域开展相关研究提供参考。EPAs在药学领域中的构建与应用研究目前集中...为了解置信职业行为(entrustable professional activities,EPAs)在药学领域的研究进展,本文检索国内外相关文献,从构建和应用两方面进行分析,旨在为我国药学教育领域开展相关研究提供参考。EPAs在药学领域中的构建与应用研究目前集中在美国,研究对象主要是学生,我国的研究相对匮乏。未来研究可向不同岗位、不同执业环境的药师胜任力评估方向发展,增加研究的深度和广度。在我国医药卫生体制改革不断深入的背景下,需要加强本土化的实践。展开更多
Soot,a product of insufficient combustion,is usually in the form of aggregate. The multi-scattering of soot fractal aggregates has been proved to play an important role in studying the soot radiative properties,which ...Soot,a product of insufficient combustion,is usually in the form of aggregate. The multi-scattering of soot fractal aggregates has been proved to play an important role in studying the soot radiative properties,which is rarely considered in predicting the radiative heat transfer in combustion flame. In the present study,based on the weighted sum of gray soot fractal aggregate(WSGSA) model,which is used to predict the temperature field and soot aggregates in turbulent diffusion flame,the flame temperature distribution and soot volume fraction distribution under the conditions of the model without considering radiation,the default radiation model in Fluent software and the WSGSA model are calculated respectively. The results show that the flame temperature will be seriously overestimated without considering radiation and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 64.5%. The accuracy will be improved by the default radiation model in the Fluent software,but the flame temperature is still overestimated and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 42.1%. However,more satisfactory results can be obtained by the WSGSA model,and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is no more than 15.3%. Similar conclusions can also be obtained in studying the temperature distribution along different flame heights. Moreover,the soot volume fraction can be predicted more accurately with the application of the WSGSA model. Both without considering radiation and using the default radiation model in the Fluent software will result in the underestimating of soot volume fraction. All the results reveal that the WSGSA model can be used to predict the temperature and soot aggregates in the CH/air turbulent diffusion flame.展开更多
文摘随着UICC/AJCC第9版TNM分期体系的实施,胃肠道肿瘤病理报告正由传统叙述式模式向结构化、要素化/字段化及临床路径导向模式转变。本文围绕UICC/AJCC第9版TNM分期在食管、胃、小肠、阑尾、结直肠及肛管肿瘤中的关键更新要点,重点阐述治疗后分期以“残余活肿瘤细胞”为依据、结直肠癌肿瘤沉积(tumor deposits,TD)与壁外血管侵犯(extramural vascular invasion,EMVI)/神经周围侵犯(perineural invasion,PNI)的并行报告原则、直肠环周切缘(circumferential resection margin,CRM)与肿瘤退缩分级(tumor regression grade,TRG)的评估标准、阑尾黏液性肿瘤M1a/M1b分层依据以及分子分层在治疗路径中的应用等内容。同时结合国际癌症报告联盟(International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting,ICCR)与北美病理医师学会(College of American Pathologists,CAP)等数据集,提出结构化病理报告核心字段/要素设置及科室实施策略,旨在推动TNM分期更新在临床实践中的规范化和均质化应用,并提升病理报告对多学科精准诊疗的支持能力。
文摘为了解置信职业行为(entrustable professional activities,EPAs)在药学领域的研究进展,本文检索国内外相关文献,从构建和应用两方面进行分析,旨在为我国药学教育领域开展相关研究提供参考。EPAs在药学领域中的构建与应用研究目前集中在美国,研究对象主要是学生,我国的研究相对匮乏。未来研究可向不同岗位、不同执业环境的药师胜任力评估方向发展,增加研究的深度和广度。在我国医药卫生体制改革不断深入的背景下,需要加强本土化的实践。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51806103)the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China (No.201928052002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.NT2021007)。
文摘Soot,a product of insufficient combustion,is usually in the form of aggregate. The multi-scattering of soot fractal aggregates has been proved to play an important role in studying the soot radiative properties,which is rarely considered in predicting the radiative heat transfer in combustion flame. In the present study,based on the weighted sum of gray soot fractal aggregate(WSGSA) model,which is used to predict the temperature field and soot aggregates in turbulent diffusion flame,the flame temperature distribution and soot volume fraction distribution under the conditions of the model without considering radiation,the default radiation model in Fluent software and the WSGSA model are calculated respectively. The results show that the flame temperature will be seriously overestimated without considering radiation and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 64.5%. The accuracy will be improved by the default radiation model in the Fluent software,but the flame temperature is still overestimated and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is about 42.1%. However,more satisfactory results can be obtained by the WSGSA model,and the maximum relative discrepancy of flame centerline temperature is no more than 15.3%. Similar conclusions can also be obtained in studying the temperature distribution along different flame heights. Moreover,the soot volume fraction can be predicted more accurately with the application of the WSGSA model. Both without considering radiation and using the default radiation model in the Fluent software will result in the underestimating of soot volume fraction. All the results reveal that the WSGSA model can be used to predict the temperature and soot aggregates in the CH/air turbulent diffusion flame.
