Lakes are carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4))emission hotspots,whose associated flux is spatially vari-able.Many studies have investigated the impact of microorganisms and environmental factors on CO_(2) and CH_...Lakes are carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4))emission hotspots,whose associated flux is spatially vari-able.Many studies have investigated the impact of microorganisms and environmental factors on CO_(2) and CH_(4) emissions between different lakes.However,the carbon emissions and their influencing factors of different areas within a single lake remain poorly understood.Accordingly,this study investigates CO_(2) and CH_(4) emission hetero-geneity in a large floodplain lake system and distribution characteristics of associated functional microorganisms.Findings show that mean CO_(2) and CH_(4) flux values in the sub lake area were 62.03±24.21 mg/(m2·day)and 5.97±3.2μg/(m2·day),which were greater by factors of 1.78 and 2.96 compared to the water channel and the main lake area,respectively.The alpha diversity of methanogens in the sub lake area was lower than that in the main lake and water channel areas.The abundance of methanogens in bottom water layer was higher compared with the middle and surface layers.Conversely,the abundance of methane(CH_(4))-oxidizing bacteria in the surface layer was higher than that in the bottom layer.Additionally,the composition of methanogen and CH_(4)-oxidizing bacterial community,chlorophyll a(Chl-a),pH,total phosphorus(TP)and dissolved organic carbon(DOC)con-tent constituted the dominate driving factors affecting lake C emissions.Results from this study can be used to improve our understanding of lake spatial heterogeneous of CO_(2) and CH_(4) emission and the driving mechanisms within floodplain lakes under the coupling effects of functional C microorganisms and environmental factors.展开更多
In recent years,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have become one of the hot discussions and have gradually moved toward industrialization.However,there are still some shortcomings in their performance that have not been well...In recent years,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have become one of the hot discussions and have gradually moved toward industrialization.However,there are still some shortcomings in their performance that have not been well addressed,including phase transition,structural degradation,and voltage platform.High entropy materials have recently gained significant attention from researchers due to their effects on thermodynamics,dynamics,structure,and performance.Researchers have attempted to use these materials in sodium-ion batteries to overcome their problems,making it a modification method.This paper aims to discuss the research status of high-entropy cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries and summarize their effects on sodium-ion batteries from three perspectives:Layered oxide,polyanion,and Prussian blue.The infiuence on material structure,the inhibition of phase transition,and the improvement of ion diffusivity are described.Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of high-entropy cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries are summarized,and their future development has prospected.展开更多
Bone tissue relies on the intricate interplay between blood vessels and nerve fibers,both are essential for many physiological and pathological processes of the skeletal system.Blood vessels provide the necessary oxyg...Bone tissue relies on the intricate interplay between blood vessels and nerve fibers,both are essential for many physiological and pathological processes of the skeletal system.Blood vessels provide the necessary oxygen and nutrients to nerve and bone tissues,and remove metabolic waste.Concomitantly,nerve fibers precede blood vessels during growth,promote vascularization,and influence bone cells by secreting neurotransmitters to stimulate osteogenesis.Despite the critical roles of both components,current biomaterials generally focus on enhancing intraosseous blood vessel repair,while often neglecting the contribution of nerves.Understanding the distribution and main functions of blood vessels and nerve fibers in bone is crucial for developing effective biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.This review first explores the anatomy of intraosseous blood vessels and nerve fibers,highlighting their vital roles in bone embryonic development,metabolism,and repair.It covers innovative bone regeneration strategies directed at accelerating the intrabony neurovascular system over the past 10 years.The issues covered included material properties(stiffness,surface topography,pore structures,conductivity,and piezoelectricity)and acellular biological factors[neurotrophins,peptides,ribonucleic acids(RNAs),inorganic ions,and exosomes].Major challenges encountered by neurovascularized materials during their clinical translation have also been highlighted.Furthermore,the review discusses future research directions and potential developments aimed at producing bone repair materials that more accurately mimic the natural healing processes of bone tissue.This review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians in developing novel neurovascularized biomaterials and accelerating their translation into clinical practice.By bridging the gap between experimental research and practical application,these advancements have the potential to transform the treatment of bone defects and significantly improve the quality of life for patients with bone-related conditions.展开更多
Large language models(LLMs)have significantly advanced artificial intelligence(AI)by excelling in tasks such as understanding,generation,and reasoning across multiple modalities.Despite these achievements,LLMs have in...Large language models(LLMs)have significantly advanced artificial intelligence(AI)by excelling in tasks such as understanding,generation,and reasoning across multiple modalities.Despite these achievements,LLMs have inherent limitations including outdated information,hallucinations,inefficiency,lack of interpretability,and challenges in domain-specific accuracy.To address these issues,this survey explores three promising directions in the post-LLM era:knowledge empowerment,model collaboration,and model co-evolution.First,we examine methods of integrating external knowledge into LLMs to enhance factual accuracy,reasoning capabilities,and interpretability,including incorporating knowledge into training objectives,instruction tuning,retrieval-augmented inference,and knowledge prompting.Second,we discuss model collaboration strategies that leverage the complementary strengths of LLMs and smaller models to improve efficiency and domain-specific performance through techniques such as model merging,functional model collaboration,and knowledge injection.Third,we delve into model co-evolution,in which multiple models collaboratively evolve by sharing knowledge,parameters,and learning strategies to adapt to dynamic environments and tasks,thereby enhancing their adaptability and continual learning.We illustrate how the integration of these techniques advances AI capabilities in science,engineering,and society—particularly in hypothesis development,problem formulation,problem-solving,and interpretability across various domains.We conclude by outlining future pathways for further advancement and applications.展开更多
In 2019,China had over 13.14 million dementia cases,with incidence rates of(56.47–207.08)/100,000[1].Early cognitive impairment—a key dementia symptom—reduces quality of life,increases care dependence,and lowers su...In 2019,China had over 13.14 million dementia cases,with incidence rates of(56.47–207.08)/100,000[1].Early cognitive impairment—a key dementia symptom—reduces quality of life,increases care dependence,and lowers survival in older adults[2].A decline in physical function can also be observed in older adults with increasing age.Grip strength has been shown to be a marker of overall physiological function in older adults.展开更多
Alterations in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene are critical drivers of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In recent years advances in precision therapies targeting MET alterations have significant...Alterations in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene are critical drivers of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In recent years advances in precision therapies targeting MET alterations have significantly expanded treatment options for NSCLC patients.These alterations include MET exon 14 skipping mutations(MET exon 14 skipping),MET gene amplifications,MET point mutations(primarily kinase domain mutations),and MET protein overexpression.Accurate identification of these alterations and appropriate selection of patient populations and targeted therapies are essential for improving clinical outcomes.The East China Lung Cancer Group,Youth Committee(ECLUNG YOUNG,Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group)has synthesized insights from China’s innovative drug development landscape and clinical practice to formulate an expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients with MET alterations.This consensus addresses key areas,such as optimal testing timing,testing methods,testing strategies,quality control measures,and treatment approaches.By offering standardized recommendations,this guidance aims to streamline diagnostic and therapeutic processes and enhance clinical decision-making for NSCLC with MET alterations.展开更多
Benchmark experiments are indispensable for the development of neutron nuclear data evaluation libraries.Given the lack of domestic benchmarking of nuclear data in the fission energy region,this study developed a neut...Benchmark experiments are indispensable for the development of neutron nuclear data evaluation libraries.Given the lack of domestic benchmarking of nuclear data in the fission energy region,this study developed a neutron leakage spectrum measurement system using a spherical sample based on the^(252)Cf spontaneous fission source.The EJ309 detector(for highenergy measurements)and CLYC detector(for low-energy measurements)were combined to measure the time-of-flight spectrum using theγtagging method.To assess the performance of the system,the time-of-flight spectrum without a sample was measured first.The experimental spectra were consistent with those simulated using the Monte Carlo method and the standard^(252)Cf spectrum from ISO:8529-1.This demonstrates that the system can effectively measure the neutron events in the 0.15-8.0 MeV range.Then,a spherical polyethylene sample was used as the standard to verify the accuracy of the system for the benchmark experiment.The simulation results were obtained using the Monte Carlo method with evaluated data from the ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0,CENDL-3.2,JEFF-3.3,and JENDL-5 libraries.The measured neutron leakage spectra were compared with the corresponding simulated results for the neutron spectrum shape and calculated C/E values.The results showed that the simulated spectra with different data libraries reproduced the experimental results well in the 0.15-8.0 MeV range.This study confirms that the leakage neutron spectrum measurement system based on the^(252)Cf source can perform benchmarking and provides a foundation for evaluating neutron nuclear data through benchmark experiments.展开更多
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy contributes to the development of heart failure(HF).NOL1/NOP2/Sun domain family member 2(NSUN2)is implicated in pathophysiological processes of many diseases.However,the function and o...Pathological cardiac hypertrophy contributes to the development of heart failure(HF).NOL1/NOP2/Sun domain family member 2(NSUN2)is implicated in pathophysiological processes of many diseases.However,the function and operation of NSUN2 in cardiac hypertrophy and HF remain unclear.Here,we observed a significant increase in the levels of NSUN2 expression in both human hearts with HF and in mouse hearts with hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction(TAC)and angiotensin II(Ang II)treatment.Cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of NSUN2 attenuated the reduced cardiac ejection fraction(EF)and fractional shortening(FS)and the increased heart weight to tibial length(HW/TL)upon either TAC or Ang II infusion.Conversely,cardiac-specific overexpression of NSUN2 resulted in cardiac remodeling as indicated by a prominent increase in hypertrophic growth and cardiac fibrosis and a robust decline in cardiac EF and FS.Mechanistically,NSUN2 induces 5-methylcytosine(m5C)modification of La-related protein 1(LARP1)to enhance its messenger RNA(mRNA)stability,which is mediated by Y-box binding protein 1(YBX1).Increased LARP1 further interacts with GATA binding protein 4(GATA4)mRNA and prevents its degradation.LARP1 silencing partially attenuates TAC and NSUN2 induced cardiac hypertrophy and HF.Collectively,this study provides a new insight into the central role of NSUN2 in cardiac hypertrophy,indicating that NSUN2 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HF.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.42225103).
文摘Lakes are carbon dioxide(CO_(2))and methane(CH_(4))emission hotspots,whose associated flux is spatially vari-able.Many studies have investigated the impact of microorganisms and environmental factors on CO_(2) and CH_(4) emissions between different lakes.However,the carbon emissions and their influencing factors of different areas within a single lake remain poorly understood.Accordingly,this study investigates CO_(2) and CH_(4) emission hetero-geneity in a large floodplain lake system and distribution characteristics of associated functional microorganisms.Findings show that mean CO_(2) and CH_(4) flux values in the sub lake area were 62.03±24.21 mg/(m2·day)and 5.97±3.2μg/(m2·day),which were greater by factors of 1.78 and 2.96 compared to the water channel and the main lake area,respectively.The alpha diversity of methanogens in the sub lake area was lower than that in the main lake and water channel areas.The abundance of methanogens in bottom water layer was higher compared with the middle and surface layers.Conversely,the abundance of methane(CH_(4))-oxidizing bacteria in the surface layer was higher than that in the bottom layer.Additionally,the composition of methanogen and CH_(4)-oxidizing bacterial community,chlorophyll a(Chl-a),pH,total phosphorus(TP)and dissolved organic carbon(DOC)con-tent constituted the dominate driving factors affecting lake C emissions.Results from this study can be used to improve our understanding of lake spatial heterogeneous of CO_(2) and CH_(4) emission and the driving mechanisms within floodplain lakes under the coupling effects of functional C microorganisms and environmental factors.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China Key Program(No.U22A20420)Changzhou Leading Innovative Talents Introduction and Cultivation Project(No.CQ20230109)for supporting our work。
文摘In recent years,sodium-ion batteries(SIBs)have become one of the hot discussions and have gradually moved toward industrialization.However,there are still some shortcomings in their performance that have not been well addressed,including phase transition,structural degradation,and voltage platform.High entropy materials have recently gained significant attention from researchers due to their effects on thermodynamics,dynamics,structure,and performance.Researchers have attempted to use these materials in sodium-ion batteries to overcome their problems,making it a modification method.This paper aims to discuss the research status of high-entropy cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries and summarize their effects on sodium-ion batteries from three perspectives:Layered oxide,polyanion,and Prussian blue.The infiuence on material structure,the inhibition of phase transition,and the improvement of ion diffusivity are described.Finally,the advantages and disadvantages of high-entropy cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries are summarized,and their future development has prospected.
基金supported by the Foundation of National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases(LCA202204)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2024GH-YBXM-19)+7 种基金the Clinical New Technology Program of Air Force Medical University(LX2023-306)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2019M653969)the Thousand Talents Plan of Shaanxi Province(to Jing Wang)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82101069,22205257)the Logistics Independent Research Project of PLA(to Yang Jiao)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(7242279),the Beijing Nova Program(20230484283)the Beijing Municipal Science&Technology Commission(Z221100007422130)the Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical poisoning(SKLO202401).
文摘Bone tissue relies on the intricate interplay between blood vessels and nerve fibers,both are essential for many physiological and pathological processes of the skeletal system.Blood vessels provide the necessary oxygen and nutrients to nerve and bone tissues,and remove metabolic waste.Concomitantly,nerve fibers precede blood vessels during growth,promote vascularization,and influence bone cells by secreting neurotransmitters to stimulate osteogenesis.Despite the critical roles of both components,current biomaterials generally focus on enhancing intraosseous blood vessel repair,while often neglecting the contribution of nerves.Understanding the distribution and main functions of blood vessels and nerve fibers in bone is crucial for developing effective biomaterials for bone tissue engineering.This review first explores the anatomy of intraosseous blood vessels and nerve fibers,highlighting their vital roles in bone embryonic development,metabolism,and repair.It covers innovative bone regeneration strategies directed at accelerating the intrabony neurovascular system over the past 10 years.The issues covered included material properties(stiffness,surface topography,pore structures,conductivity,and piezoelectricity)and acellular biological factors[neurotrophins,peptides,ribonucleic acids(RNAs),inorganic ions,and exosomes].Major challenges encountered by neurovascularized materials during their clinical translation have also been highlighted.Furthermore,the review discusses future research directions and potential developments aimed at producing bone repair materials that more accurately mimic the natural healing processes of bone tissue.This review will serve as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians in developing novel neurovascularized biomaterials and accelerating their translation into clinical practice.By bridging the gap between experimental research and practical application,these advancements have the potential to transform the treatment of bone defects and significantly improve the quality of life for patients with bone-related conditions.
基金supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(62441605)。
文摘Large language models(LLMs)have significantly advanced artificial intelligence(AI)by excelling in tasks such as understanding,generation,and reasoning across multiple modalities.Despite these achievements,LLMs have inherent limitations including outdated information,hallucinations,inefficiency,lack of interpretability,and challenges in domain-specific accuracy.To address these issues,this survey explores three promising directions in the post-LLM era:knowledge empowerment,model collaboration,and model co-evolution.First,we examine methods of integrating external knowledge into LLMs to enhance factual accuracy,reasoning capabilities,and interpretability,including incorporating knowledge into training objectives,instruction tuning,retrieval-augmented inference,and knowledge prompting.Second,we discuss model collaboration strategies that leverage the complementary strengths of LLMs and smaller models to improve efficiency and domain-specific performance through techniques such as model merging,functional model collaboration,and knowledge injection.Third,we delve into model co-evolution,in which multiple models collaboratively evolve by sharing knowledge,parameters,and learning strategies to adapt to dynamic environments and tasks,thereby enhancing their adaptability and continual learning.We illustrate how the integration of these techniques advances AI capabilities in science,engineering,and society—particularly in hypothesis development,problem formulation,problem-solving,and interpretability across various domains.We conclude by outlining future pathways for further advancement and applications.
基金supported by the Shanghai New Three-year Action Plan for Public Health(Grant No.GWV-10.1-XK16)the US National Institute on Aging(RO1-AGO34479).
文摘In 2019,China had over 13.14 million dementia cases,with incidence rates of(56.47–207.08)/100,000[1].Early cognitive impairment—a key dementia symptom—reduces quality of life,increases care dependence,and lowers survival in older adults[2].A decline in physical function can also be observed in older adults with increasing age.Grip strength has been shown to be a marker of overall physiological function in older adults.
文摘Alterations in the mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor(MET)gene are critical drivers of non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).In recent years advances in precision therapies targeting MET alterations have significantly expanded treatment options for NSCLC patients.These alterations include MET exon 14 skipping mutations(MET exon 14 skipping),MET gene amplifications,MET point mutations(primarily kinase domain mutations),and MET protein overexpression.Accurate identification of these alterations and appropriate selection of patient populations and targeted therapies are essential for improving clinical outcomes.The East China Lung Cancer Group,Youth Committee(ECLUNG YOUNG,Yangtze River Delta Lung Cancer Cooperation Group)has synthesized insights from China’s innovative drug development landscape and clinical practice to formulate an expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of NSCLC patients with MET alterations.This consensus addresses key areas,such as optimal testing timing,testing methods,testing strategies,quality control measures,and treatment approaches.By offering standardized recommendations,this guidance aims to streamline diagnostic and therapeutic processes and enhance clinical decision-making for NSCLC with MET alterations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U2067205)。
文摘Benchmark experiments are indispensable for the development of neutron nuclear data evaluation libraries.Given the lack of domestic benchmarking of nuclear data in the fission energy region,this study developed a neutron leakage spectrum measurement system using a spherical sample based on the^(252)Cf spontaneous fission source.The EJ309 detector(for highenergy measurements)and CLYC detector(for low-energy measurements)were combined to measure the time-of-flight spectrum using theγtagging method.To assess the performance of the system,the time-of-flight spectrum without a sample was measured first.The experimental spectra were consistent with those simulated using the Monte Carlo method and the standard^(252)Cf spectrum from ISO:8529-1.This demonstrates that the system can effectively measure the neutron events in the 0.15-8.0 MeV range.Then,a spherical polyethylene sample was used as the standard to verify the accuracy of the system for the benchmark experiment.The simulation results were obtained using the Monte Carlo method with evaluated data from the ENDF/B-Ⅷ.0,CENDL-3.2,JEFF-3.3,and JENDL-5 libraries.The measured neutron leakage spectra were compared with the corresponding simulated results for the neutron spectrum shape and calculated C/E values.The results showed that the simulated spectra with different data libraries reproduced the experimental results well in the 0.15-8.0 MeV range.This study confirms that the leakage neutron spectrum measurement system based on the^(252)Cf source can perform benchmarking and provides a foundation for evaluating neutron nuclear data through benchmark experiments.
基金supported by grants from the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(2024ZD0537909)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82273928,82473919,82330011,82161148007)+2 种基金the Distinguished Young Scholars of Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province(JQ2024H002)the Chunyan Programme of Heilongjiang Province(CYQN2403)the CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFMS,2020-I2M-5-003).
文摘Pathological cardiac hypertrophy contributes to the development of heart failure(HF).NOL1/NOP2/Sun domain family member 2(NSUN2)is implicated in pathophysiological processes of many diseases.However,the function and operation of NSUN2 in cardiac hypertrophy and HF remain unclear.Here,we observed a significant increase in the levels of NSUN2 expression in both human hearts with HF and in mouse hearts with hypertrophy induced by transverse aortic constriction(TAC)and angiotensin II(Ang II)treatment.Cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of NSUN2 attenuated the reduced cardiac ejection fraction(EF)and fractional shortening(FS)and the increased heart weight to tibial length(HW/TL)upon either TAC or Ang II infusion.Conversely,cardiac-specific overexpression of NSUN2 resulted in cardiac remodeling as indicated by a prominent increase in hypertrophic growth and cardiac fibrosis and a robust decline in cardiac EF and FS.Mechanistically,NSUN2 induces 5-methylcytosine(m5C)modification of La-related protein 1(LARP1)to enhance its messenger RNA(mRNA)stability,which is mediated by Y-box binding protein 1(YBX1).Increased LARP1 further interacts with GATA binding protein 4(GATA4)mRNA and prevents its degradation.LARP1 silencing partially attenuates TAC and NSUN2 induced cardiac hypertrophy and HF.Collectively,this study provides a new insight into the central role of NSUN2 in cardiac hypertrophy,indicating that NSUN2 may serve as a novel therapeutic target for HF.
