BACKGROUND This retrospective study aimed to define associations between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)in childhood and risk factors for gastric cancer with special emphasis on the role of family history of cancer.AIM ...BACKGROUND This retrospective study aimed to define associations between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)in childhood and risk factors for gastric cancer with special emphasis on the role of family history of cancer.AIM To define associations between H.pylori in childhood and risk factors for gastric cancer with special emphasis on the role of family history of cancer.METHODS Details of 600 children who were subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopies at our institution are analyzed.Children were classified into positive and negative groups for H.pylori infection based on biopsy and rapid urease tests.The oc-currences of gastric carcinoma,chronic superficial gastritis,glandular atrophy,and intestinal metaplasia among the groups are compared.RESULTS In our study,among the overall population,330 children tested positive for H.pylori,which constituted 55%of the study population.The group denoting H.pylori positivity was found to have strikingly higher frequencies of chronic superficial gastritis(78.8%vs 5.9%),gastric atrophy(39.4%vs 7%),and intestinal metaplasia(0.9%vs 0%),as compared to the H.pylori-negative group.It is interesting to observe that there were a few but statistically significant cases of H.pylori-positive children having a family history of gastric cancer(1.2%),whereas no such cases were reported in children who were H.pylori-negative.CONCLUSION Our study finds that H.pylori infection in childhood is associated with an increased risk of precancerous gastric conditions and that family history might provide an additional risk.These insights recommend the necessity of early H.pylori detection and intervention and management strategies in childhood,especially in those families with histories of gastric cancer.展开更多
A common concern to planting for reforestation is seedling failure that is directly measurable by seedling early field performance of growth and survival.Root growth potential(RGP)is a commonly used metric of seedling...A common concern to planting for reforestation is seedling failure that is directly measurable by seedling early field performance of growth and survival.Root growth potential(RGP)is a commonly used metric of seedling quality and has been considered indicative of seedling field performance.The effect of RGP is thought to be dependent on planting site and underlining environmental conditions.Moisture stress often is considered the primary cause of seedling failure in addition to other environmental factors such as soil physicochemical properties in regions such as the Inland Northwest of the United States that is prone to growing season drought.In addition,it is interesting to test whether seedling early field performance is related to their morphological attributes and whether the morphological attributes are related to RGP.A comprehensive evaluation on early field performance of three planted conifer species of interior Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)Franco var.glauca(Beissn.)Franco),grand fir(Abies grandis(Douglas ex D.Don)Lindl.),and western larch(Larix occidentalis Nutt.)was conducted in this study.It was found that RGP did not show clear correlation with early field performance across species.RGP also was not significantly correlated with seedling morphological measures such as below-and above-ground biomass and root-to-shoot ratio(R:S,by mass).Early field performance of growth and survival varied greatly across individuals of seedlings.The most influential predictors of early seedling growth and survival were their initial size(indicative of energy reserve)and soil temperature that likely interacted with soil moisture.Our findings suggest that seed stock selection for reforestation probably should favor species and genotypes with greatest heat tolerance that may be better adapted to future conditions in the region.展开更多
Large trees have disproportionally large competitive advantage in access to light, which has been proposed to increase growth dominance of large trees (e.g., a larger proportion of volume growth than standing volume i...Large trees have disproportionally large competitive advantage in access to light, which has been proposed to increase growth dominance of large trees (e.g., a larger proportion of volume growth than standing volume is in large trees in a stand). Tree growth may also be limited by the availability of other resources besides light.Nutrient deficiency, especially of nitrogen, is considered common among temperate forests including mixedconifer forests of the Inland Northwest of the United States. Data from a long-term forest nutrition study across four Inland Northwest states were analyzed to evaluate nitrogen×potassium fertilization?s effects on growth dominance over an eight-year period following treatment. Our results show that growth dominance varied substantially across plots in each vegetation series and fertilization treatment, and its mean values generally were at minuscule magnitudes, negative, and not significantly different from 0. We propose that this lack of a clear pattern in growth dominance was the result of the mixed-species composition where shade-tolerant species remained in lower crown positions, yet their relative growth kept pace with large trees. Limited moisture availability at dry sites may have hampered the development of growth dominance. Growth dominance also was lowered by mortality observed among relatively large trees. The largely negative growth dominance across fertilization treatments indicated that small trees seem to have maintained higher relative growth rates than large trees, even if absolute growth was higher among large trees. In the case fertilization does improve stand growth, a significant part of this improved growth will be lost in density-dependent mortality over time if not captured through thinning/harvesting.展开更多
The modification of 3D printed porous titanium(Ti),especially for the internal pore structure,is critical and has received more attention to promoting its osteogenesis for clinical use.Ultra-violet(UV)responsive chito...The modification of 3D printed porous titanium(Ti),especially for the internal pore structure,is critical and has received more attention to promoting its osteogenesis for clinical use.Ultra-violet(UV)responsive chitosan(CSMA),as an injectable filling material,was firstly incorporated into porous Ti,and then CSMA was in-situ mineralized by carbon oxide(CO_(2))diffusion(CSMA/CaCO_(3)).Their physical-chemical and biological properties were investigated in vitro.CaCO_(3) crystals within CSMA hydrogels were successfully deposited into pores of porous Ti,which exhibited favorable biocompatibility.Ti implants filled with CSMA/CaCO_(3) promoted adhesion and proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Moreover,Ti implant filled CSMA/CaCO_(3) hydrogels could increase alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activities,up-regulate osteopontin(OPN)and osteocalcin(OCN)expression levels,and enhance extracellular mineralization.3D printed porous Ti filled with mineralized UV-responsive chitosan hydrogel could promote proliferation and osteogenesis of BMSCs,and have great potential for the modification of porous Ti implants in bone tissue engineering.展开更多
Tree mortality plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of forest ecosystems,yet it is one of the most difficult phenomena to accurately predict.Various modeling strategies have been developed to improve individual tr...Tree mortality plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of forest ecosystems,yet it is one of the most difficult phenomena to accurately predict.Various modeling strategies have been developed to improve individual tree mortality predictions.One less explored strategy is the use of a multistage modeling approach.Potential improvements from this approach have remained largely unknown.In this study,we developed a novel multistage approach and compared its performance in individual tree mortality predictions with a more conventional approach using an identical individual tree mortality model formulation.Extensive permanent plot data(n=9442)covering the Acadian Region of North America and over multiple decades(1965–2014)were used in this study.Our results indicated that the model behavior with the multistage approach better depicted the observed mortality and showed a notable improvement over the conventional approach.The difference between the observed and predicted numbers of dead trees using the multistage approach was much smaller when compared with the conventional approach.In addition,tree survival probabilities predicted by the multistage approach generally were not significantly different from the observations,whereas the conventional approach consistently underestimated mortality across species and overestimated tree survival probabilities over the large range of DBH in the data.The new multistage approach also predictions of zero mortality in individual plots,a result not possible in conventional models.Finally,the new approach was more tolerant of modeling errors because it based estimates on ranked tree mortality rather than error-prone predicted values.Overall,this new multistage approach deserves to be considered and tested in future studies.展开更多
In this study, the behavior of polycrystalline metals at different temperatures is investigated by a new thermo-elasto-plasticity constitutive theory. Based on solid mechanical and interatomic potential, the constitut...In this study, the behavior of polycrystalline metals at different temperatures is investigated by a new thermo-elasto-plasticity constitutive theory. Based on solid mechanical and interatomic potential, the constitutive equa- tion is established using a new decomposition of the deformation gradient. For polycrystalline copper and magnesium, the stress-strain curves from 77 to 764 K （copper）, and 77 to 870 K （magnesium） under quasi-static uniaxial loading are calculated, and then the calculated results are compared with the experiment results. Also, it is determined that the present model has the capacity to describe the decrease of the elastic modulus and yield stress with the increasing temperature, as well as the change of hardening behaviors of the polycrystalline metals. The calculation process is simple and explicit, which makes it easy to implement into the applications.展开更多
Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the association rules of Fufang Kushen injection in combination with other traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) or modern medications in treating cervical cancer (CC) based...Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the association rules of Fufang Kushen injection in combination with other traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) or modern medications in treating cervical cancer (CC) based on the electrical medical records extracted from real-world hospital information system. Methods: The clinicians’ prescriptions regarding to the combination of with TCM or modern medications were from hospital information system electronic medical data integration warehouse established by the Institute of Basic Medical Research of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, which integrated the hospital information system data of 22 hospitals. The association rules of the drug characteristics were analyzed through Apriori algorithm. Results: A total of 839 patients with CC were included. We found that is often combined with prescriptions which could clear heat, remove toxicity, supplement Qi. also combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, immunomodulatory drugs, 5-HT receptor blockers, and glucocorticoids. The combination presents a specific law. Conclusion: Fufang Kushen injection combined with hepatoprotective drugs, immunomodulators and glucocorticoids is often used to treat cervical cancer.展开更多
In the development of sustainable lithium-ion batteries,achieving the efficient and cost-effective recycling of all components,particularly spent graphite(SG)anodes,has become a critical requirement.While considerable...In the development of sustainable lithium-ion batteries,achieving the efficient and cost-effective recycling of all components,particularly spent graphite(SG)anodes,has become a critical requirement.While considerable ef-forts have been devoted to recovering and reusing SG materials under conventional conditions,limited attention has been given to recycling under extreme conditions.This review systematically elucidates the main failure mechanisms of graphite anodes,including lithium plating and dendrite formation,solid electrolyte interface film failure,structural degradation,and current collector corrosion,with a particular focus on low-temperature and fast-charging conditions.As a contribution toward optimizing resource utilization,this review comprehensively summarizes the industrial perspective on strategies for recycling SG anodes,which aim to produce high-purity regenerated graphite(RG)powders.We also analyze current methods for modifying RG,such as structural reconstruction and surface reconditioning,to bring added value to modified RG materials.A detailed examination of the technical challenges in SG recycling and RG upgrading is presented,offering guidance for the future development of graphite upcycling technologies.This review also provides valuable insights into achieving high efficiency,intelligence,and sustainability in graphite utilization.展开更多
Chronic or non-healing wounds present a significant challenge in daily life,leading to increased interest in the design of wound dressings with enhanced healing capabilities.In this study,a bacterial cellulose(BC)memb...Chronic or non-healing wounds present a significant challenge in daily life,leading to increased interest in the design of wound dressings with enhanced healing capabilities.In this study,a bacterial cellulose(BC)membrane with an aligned structure was developed to guide cell migration and collagen orientation,serving as the primary component of the wound dressing.Polydeoxyribonucleotide(PDRN),a nucleic acid agent known for its excellent tissue-regenerative effect,were loaded into the aligned BC membrane.The obtained composite material(PDRN@BC aligned membrane)demonstrated aligned structure,high hydrophilicity,favorable air permeability,good mechanical properties,and sustained release of PDRN.The as-prepared membrane promoted cell spreading,proliferation and migration of L929 fibroblast in vitro,as well as angiogenesis in ovo.Application of the PDRN@BC aligned membrane in vivo significantly improved and speeded up wound healing by accelerating cell proliferation and migration,reducing inflammation,and facilitating angiogenesis.This innovative composite dressing,combining topographic and bioactive cues,holds promise to facilitate the regeneration of damaged skin tissue.展开更多
At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body,a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state.The commonly used biomaterials(e.g.t...At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body,a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state.The commonly used biomaterials(e.g.titanium and its alloy,Co–Cr alloy,stainless steel,polyetheretherketone,ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and various calcium phosphates)have many drawbacks such as lack of biocompatibility and improper mechanical properties.As surface modification is very promising technology to overcome such problems,a variety of surface modification techniques have been being investigated.This review paper covers recent advances in surface modification techniques of bone-related materials including physicochemical coating,radiation grafting,plasma surface engineering,ion beam processing and surface patterning techniques.The contents are organized with different types of techniques to applicable materials,and typical examples are also described.展开更多
文摘BACKGROUND This retrospective study aimed to define associations between Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)in childhood and risk factors for gastric cancer with special emphasis on the role of family history of cancer.AIM To define associations between H.pylori in childhood and risk factors for gastric cancer with special emphasis on the role of family history of cancer.METHODS Details of 600 children who were subjected to upper gastrointestinal endoscopies at our institution are analyzed.Children were classified into positive and negative groups for H.pylori infection based on biopsy and rapid urease tests.The oc-currences of gastric carcinoma,chronic superficial gastritis,glandular atrophy,and intestinal metaplasia among the groups are compared.RESULTS In our study,among the overall population,330 children tested positive for H.pylori,which constituted 55%of the study population.The group denoting H.pylori positivity was found to have strikingly higher frequencies of chronic superficial gastritis(78.8%vs 5.9%),gastric atrophy(39.4%vs 7%),and intestinal metaplasia(0.9%vs 0%),as compared to the H.pylori-negative group.It is interesting to observe that there were a few but statistically significant cases of H.pylori-positive children having a family history of gastric cancer(1.2%),whereas no such cases were reported in children who were H.pylori-negative.CONCLUSION Our study finds that H.pylori infection in childhood is associated with an increased risk of precancerous gastric conditions and that family history might provide an additional risk.These insights recommend the necessity of early H.pylori detection and intervention and management strategies in childhood,especially in those families with histories of gastric cancer.
基金Funded by PotlatchDeltic Corporation,grant number RGPSQ17。
文摘A common concern to planting for reforestation is seedling failure that is directly measurable by seedling early field performance of growth and survival.Root growth potential(RGP)is a commonly used metric of seedling quality and has been considered indicative of seedling field performance.The effect of RGP is thought to be dependent on planting site and underlining environmental conditions.Moisture stress often is considered the primary cause of seedling failure in addition to other environmental factors such as soil physicochemical properties in regions such as the Inland Northwest of the United States that is prone to growing season drought.In addition,it is interesting to test whether seedling early field performance is related to their morphological attributes and whether the morphological attributes are related to RGP.A comprehensive evaluation on early field performance of three planted conifer species of interior Douglas-fir(Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.)Franco var.glauca(Beissn.)Franco),grand fir(Abies grandis(Douglas ex D.Don)Lindl.),and western larch(Larix occidentalis Nutt.)was conducted in this study.It was found that RGP did not show clear correlation with early field performance across species.RGP also was not significantly correlated with seedling morphological measures such as below-and above-ground biomass and root-to-shoot ratio(R:S,by mass).Early field performance of growth and survival varied greatly across individuals of seedlings.The most influential predictors of early seedling growth and survival were their initial size(indicative of energy reserve)and soil temperature that likely interacted with soil moisture.Our findings suggest that seed stock selection for reforestation probably should favor species and genotypes with greatest heat tolerance that may be better adapted to future conditions in the region.
基金Funding for study establishment and remeasurements was provided by members of the Intermountain Forest CooperativeFunding was also provided by the National Science Foundation award IIP-1916699。
文摘Large trees have disproportionally large competitive advantage in access to light, which has been proposed to increase growth dominance of large trees (e.g., a larger proportion of volume growth than standing volume is in large trees in a stand). Tree growth may also be limited by the availability of other resources besides light.Nutrient deficiency, especially of nitrogen, is considered common among temperate forests including mixedconifer forests of the Inland Northwest of the United States. Data from a long-term forest nutrition study across four Inland Northwest states were analyzed to evaluate nitrogen×potassium fertilization?s effects on growth dominance over an eight-year period following treatment. Our results show that growth dominance varied substantially across plots in each vegetation series and fertilization treatment, and its mean values generally were at minuscule magnitudes, negative, and not significantly different from 0. We propose that this lack of a clear pattern in growth dominance was the result of the mixed-species composition where shade-tolerant species remained in lower crown positions, yet their relative growth kept pace with large trees. Limited moisture availability at dry sites may have hampered the development of growth dominance. Growth dominance also was lowered by mortality observed among relatively large trees. The largely negative growth dominance across fertilization treatments indicated that small trees seem to have maintained higher relative growth rates than large trees, even if absolute growth was higher among large trees. In the case fertilization does improve stand growth, a significant part of this improved growth will be lost in density-dependent mortality over time if not captured through thinning/harvesting.
基金financially supported partly by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LY20E010006)partly by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.WK9110000152)+1 种基金partly by the Key Research and Development Plan of Anhui Province(No.20194a0720097)partly by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51502265 and 81701033).
文摘The modification of 3D printed porous titanium(Ti),especially for the internal pore structure,is critical and has received more attention to promoting its osteogenesis for clinical use.Ultra-violet(UV)responsive chitosan(CSMA),as an injectable filling material,was firstly incorporated into porous Ti,and then CSMA was in-situ mineralized by carbon oxide(CO_(2))diffusion(CSMA/CaCO_(3)).Their physical-chemical and biological properties were investigated in vitro.CaCO_(3) crystals within CSMA hydrogels were successfully deposited into pores of porous Ti,which exhibited favorable biocompatibility.Ti implants filled with CSMA/CaCO_(3) promoted adhesion and proliferation of bone mesenchymal stem cells(BMSCs).Moreover,Ti implant filled CSMA/CaCO_(3) hydrogels could increase alkaline phosphatase(ALP)activities,up-regulate osteopontin(OPN)and osteocalcin(OCN)expression levels,and enhance extracellular mineralization.3D printed porous Ti filled with mineralized UV-responsive chitosan hydrogel could promote proliferation and osteogenesis of BMSCs,and have great potential for the modification of porous Ti implants in bone tissue engineering.
基金provided by National Science Foundation Center for Advanced Forestry Systems(CAFSAward#1915078)RII Track-2FEC(Award#1920908)。
文摘Tree mortality plays a fundamental role in the dynamics of forest ecosystems,yet it is one of the most difficult phenomena to accurately predict.Various modeling strategies have been developed to improve individual tree mortality predictions.One less explored strategy is the use of a multistage modeling approach.Potential improvements from this approach have remained largely unknown.In this study,we developed a novel multistage approach and compared its performance in individual tree mortality predictions with a more conventional approach using an identical individual tree mortality model formulation.Extensive permanent plot data(n=9442)covering the Acadian Region of North America and over multiple decades(1965–2014)were used in this study.Our results indicated that the model behavior with the multistage approach better depicted the observed mortality and showed a notable improvement over the conventional approach.The difference between the observed and predicted numbers of dead trees using the multistage approach was much smaller when compared with the conventional approach.In addition,tree survival probabilities predicted by the multistage approach generally were not significantly different from the observations,whereas the conventional approach consistently underestimated mortality across species and overestimated tree survival probabilities over the large range of DBH in the data.The new multistage approach also predictions of zero mortality in individual plots,a result not possible in conventional models.Finally,the new approach was more tolerant of modeling errors because it based estimates on ranked tree mortality rather than error-prone predicted values.Overall,this new multistage approach deserves to be considered and tested in future studies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 11021262, 11172303, 11132011)National Basic Research Program of China through 2012CB937500
文摘In this study, the behavior of polycrystalline metals at different temperatures is investigated by a new thermo-elasto-plasticity constitutive theory. Based on solid mechanical and interatomic potential, the constitutive equa- tion is established using a new decomposition of the deformation gradient. For polycrystalline copper and magnesium, the stress-strain curves from 77 to 764 K （copper）, and 77 to 870 K （magnesium） under quasi-static uniaxial loading are calculated, and then the calculated results are compared with the experiment results. Also, it is determined that the present model has the capacity to describe the decrease of the elastic modulus and yield stress with the increasing temperature, as well as the change of hardening behaviors of the polycrystalline metals. The calculation process is simple and explicit, which makes it easy to implement into the applications.
文摘Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the association rules of Fufang Kushen injection in combination with other traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) or modern medications in treating cervical cancer (CC) based on the electrical medical records extracted from real-world hospital information system. Methods: The clinicians’ prescriptions regarding to the combination of with TCM or modern medications were from hospital information system electronic medical data integration warehouse established by the Institute of Basic Medical Research of Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, which integrated the hospital information system data of 22 hospitals. The association rules of the drug characteristics were analyzed through Apriori algorithm. Results: A total of 839 patients with CC were included. We found that is often combined with prescriptions which could clear heat, remove toxicity, supplement Qi. also combined with chemotherapeutic drugs, immunomodulatory drugs, 5-HT receptor blockers, and glucocorticoids. The combination presents a specific law. Conclusion: Fufang Kushen injection combined with hepatoprotective drugs, immunomodulators and glucocorticoids is often used to treat cervical cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers 52374410,22209006)the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(grant numbers ZR2022QE009)+3 种基金Beijing Natural Science Foundation(grant numbers Z220021)the National Key R&D Program of China(grant numbers 2022YFB3305400)the Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant numbers U2130204)Beijing Outstanding Young Scientists Program(grant numbers BJJWZYJH01201910007023).
文摘In the development of sustainable lithium-ion batteries,achieving the efficient and cost-effective recycling of all components,particularly spent graphite(SG)anodes,has become a critical requirement.While considerable ef-forts have been devoted to recovering and reusing SG materials under conventional conditions,limited attention has been given to recycling under extreme conditions.This review systematically elucidates the main failure mechanisms of graphite anodes,including lithium plating and dendrite formation,solid electrolyte interface film failure,structural degradation,and current collector corrosion,with a particular focus on low-temperature and fast-charging conditions.As a contribution toward optimizing resource utilization,this review comprehensively summarizes the industrial perspective on strategies for recycling SG anodes,which aim to produce high-purity regenerated graphite(RG)powders.We also analyze current methods for modifying RG,such as structural reconstruction and surface reconditioning,to bring added value to modified RG materials.A detailed examination of the technical challenges in SG recycling and RG upgrading is presented,offering guidance for the future development of graphite upcycling technologies.This review also provides valuable insights into achieving high efficiency,intelligence,and sustainability in graphite utilization.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51502265 and 82372135).
文摘Chronic or non-healing wounds present a significant challenge in daily life,leading to increased interest in the design of wound dressings with enhanced healing capabilities.In this study,a bacterial cellulose(BC)membrane with an aligned structure was developed to guide cell migration and collagen orientation,serving as the primary component of the wound dressing.Polydeoxyribonucleotide(PDRN),a nucleic acid agent known for its excellent tissue-regenerative effect,were loaded into the aligned BC membrane.The obtained composite material(PDRN@BC aligned membrane)demonstrated aligned structure,high hydrophilicity,favorable air permeability,good mechanical properties,and sustained release of PDRN.The as-prepared membrane promoted cell spreading,proliferation and migration of L929 fibroblast in vitro,as well as angiogenesis in ovo.Application of the PDRN@BC aligned membrane in vivo significantly improved and speeded up wound healing by accelerating cell proliferation and migration,reducing inflammation,and facilitating angiogenesis.This innovative composite dressing,combining topographic and bioactive cues,holds promise to facilitate the regeneration of damaged skin tissue.
基金This work was partly supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Korea(2012R1A1A2040717)the National Basic Research Program of China funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology(MOST)of China(2011CB606205)+1 种基金the National Science and Technology Supporting Program of China funded by the MOST of China(2012BAI17B02)the National Natural Science Fund funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21371106).
文摘At the time of implanting bone-related implants into human body,a variety of biological responses to the material surface occur with respect to surface chemistry and physical state.The commonly used biomaterials(e.g.titanium and its alloy,Co–Cr alloy,stainless steel,polyetheretherketone,ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and various calcium phosphates)have many drawbacks such as lack of biocompatibility and improper mechanical properties.As surface modification is very promising technology to overcome such problems,a variety of surface modification techniques have been being investigated.This review paper covers recent advances in surface modification techniques of bone-related materials including physicochemical coating,radiation grafting,plasma surface engineering,ion beam processing and surface patterning techniques.The contents are organized with different types of techniques to applicable materials,and typical examples are also described.
