The operation of deep-sea underwater vehicles relies entirely on onboard batteries.However,the extreme deep-sea conditions,characterized by ultrahigh hydraulic pressure,low temperature,and seawater conductivity,pose s...The operation of deep-sea underwater vehicles relies entirely on onboard batteries.However,the extreme deep-sea conditions,characterized by ultrahigh hydraulic pressure,low temperature,and seawater conductivity,pose significant challenges for battery development.These conditions drive the need for specialized designs in deep-sea batteries,incorporating critical aspects of power generation,protection,distribution,and management.Over time,deep-sea battery technology has evolved through multiple generations,with lithium(Li)batteries emerging in recent decades as the preferred power source due to their high energy and reduced operational risks.Although the rapid progress of Li batteries has notably advanced the capabilities of underwater vehicles,critical technical issues remain unresolved.This review first systematically presents the whole picture of deep-sea battery manufacturing,focusing on Li batteries as the current mainstream solution for underwater power.It examines the key aspects of deep-sea Li battery development,including materials selection informed by electro-chemo-mechanics models,component modification and testing,and battery management systems specialized in software and hardware.Finally,it discusses the main challenges limiting the utilization of deep-sea batteries and outlines promising directions for future development.Based on the systematic reflection on deep-sea batteries and discussion on deep-sea Li batteries,this review aims to provide a research foundation for developing underwater power tailored for extreme environmental exploration.展开更多
采用热重分析法研究城市污泥、稻壳水热炭及两者不同掺混比的燃烧特性与反应动力学。对比分析其在不同升温速率下从室温升至1000℃的燃烧特性,用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO)法计算其燃烧过程中的反应动力学参数。结果表明,稻壳水热炭的挥发...采用热重分析法研究城市污泥、稻壳水热炭及两者不同掺混比的燃烧特性与反应动力学。对比分析其在不同升温速率下从室温升至1000℃的燃烧特性,用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO)法计算其燃烧过程中的反应动力学参数。结果表明,稻壳水热炭的挥发性、着火和燃尽指数均高于城市污泥,具有较好的燃烧特性,掺混稻壳水热炭使城市污泥混合燃烧时发生热滞后现象。随着稻壳水热炭掺混比的增加,共混物的燃烧残余质量减少,着火性能变差,燃烧性能变强。活化能的相关系数均高于0.95,稻壳水热炭掺混高于50wt%时,共混物的平均活化能低于稻壳水热炭单独燃烧的平均活化能,掺混70wt%稻壳水热炭时出现最低平均活化能,为85.48 k J/mol。城市污泥与稻壳水热炭混燃时有协同交互作用,且掺混50wt%稻壳水热炭时效果最佳。展开更多
基金support provided by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFE0203000 and 2016YFC0300200)the NSAF(Grant No.U2330205)+3 种基金Full-Sea-Depth Battery Project(2020-XXXX-XX-246-00)Open project of Shaanxi Laboratory of Aerospace Power(2022ZY2-JCYJ-01-09)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,ND Basic Research Funds(G2022WD)the Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province。
文摘The operation of deep-sea underwater vehicles relies entirely on onboard batteries.However,the extreme deep-sea conditions,characterized by ultrahigh hydraulic pressure,low temperature,and seawater conductivity,pose significant challenges for battery development.These conditions drive the need for specialized designs in deep-sea batteries,incorporating critical aspects of power generation,protection,distribution,and management.Over time,deep-sea battery technology has evolved through multiple generations,with lithium(Li)batteries emerging in recent decades as the preferred power source due to their high energy and reduced operational risks.Although the rapid progress of Li batteries has notably advanced the capabilities of underwater vehicles,critical technical issues remain unresolved.This review first systematically presents the whole picture of deep-sea battery manufacturing,focusing on Li batteries as the current mainstream solution for underwater power.It examines the key aspects of deep-sea Li battery development,including materials selection informed by electro-chemo-mechanics models,component modification and testing,and battery management systems specialized in software and hardware.Finally,it discusses the main challenges limiting the utilization of deep-sea batteries and outlines promising directions for future development.Based on the systematic reflection on deep-sea batteries and discussion on deep-sea Li batteries,this review aims to provide a research foundation for developing underwater power tailored for extreme environmental exploration.
文摘采用热重分析法研究城市污泥、稻壳水热炭及两者不同掺混比的燃烧特性与反应动力学。对比分析其在不同升温速率下从室温升至1000℃的燃烧特性,用Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO)法计算其燃烧过程中的反应动力学参数。结果表明,稻壳水热炭的挥发性、着火和燃尽指数均高于城市污泥,具有较好的燃烧特性,掺混稻壳水热炭使城市污泥混合燃烧时发生热滞后现象。随着稻壳水热炭掺混比的增加,共混物的燃烧残余质量减少,着火性能变差,燃烧性能变强。活化能的相关系数均高于0.95,稻壳水热炭掺混高于50wt%时,共混物的平均活化能低于稻壳水热炭单独燃烧的平均活化能,掺混70wt%稻壳水热炭时出现最低平均活化能,为85.48 k J/mol。城市污泥与稻壳水热炭混燃时有协同交互作用,且掺混50wt%稻壳水热炭时效果最佳。
