背景:鱼类牙齿演化与发育研究是理解脊椎动物与人类牙齿的切入点。近年来,分子发育生物学技术的进步为揭示牙齿与鳞片的发育同源性及信号通路的作用提供了新视角,但不同物种的比较和演化机制整合仍需深化。目的:综述鱼类牙齿的演化起源...背景:鱼类牙齿演化与发育研究是理解脊椎动物与人类牙齿的切入点。近年来,分子发育生物学技术的进步为揭示牙齿与鳞片的发育同源性及信号通路的作用提供了新视角,但不同物种的比较和演化机制整合仍需深化。目的:综述鱼类牙齿的演化起源、形态差异及分子调控机制,对比不同假说的核心观点与局限性。方法:通过PubMed数据库和中国知网,以“fish teeth,tooth development,evolution of teeth,molecular regulation of teeth”为英文检索词,“鱼类牙齿,牙齿发育,牙齿演化,牙齿分子调控”为中文检索词,系统检索1970-2025年的相关文献,依据纳入标准,最终纳入77篇文献综合分析研究进展。结果与结论:分子发育证据支持“由外向内”修正假说,证实外胚层鳞片与内胚层间充质协同演化形成牙齿。鱼类牙本质划分为正齿型、骨齿型、假骨齿型及血管齿质4类。软骨鱼的类釉质依赖成牙本质细胞分泌管状囊泡启动矿化,而硬骨鱼类通过胶原纤维定向引导晶体生长,表明釉质矿化从囊泡主导向胶原模板的演化过渡。音猬因子信号在软骨鱼类中精确调控齿列再生位点,而斑马鱼咽齿依赖视黄酸信号时空特异性激活,证实核心通路(成纤维细胞生长因子、音猬因子、Wnt)的功能保守,但调控机制受到自然选择驱动,产生物种适应性演化。展开更多
In this paper, we present a novel and efficient track-before-detect （TBD） algorithm based on multiple-model probability hypothesis density （MM-PHD） for tracking infrared maneuvering dim multi-target. Firstly, the ...In this paper, we present a novel and efficient track-before-detect （TBD） algorithm based on multiple-model probability hypothesis density （MM-PHD） for tracking infrared maneuvering dim multi-target. Firstly, the standard sequential Monte Carlo probability hypothesis density （SMC-PHD） TBD-based algorithm is introduced and sequentially improved by the adaptive process noise and the importance re-sampling on particle likelihood, which result in the improvement in the algorithm robustness and convergence speed. Secondly, backward recursion of SMC-PHD is derived in order to ameliorate the tracking performance especially at the time of the multi-target arising. Finally, SMC-PHD is extended with multiple-model to track maneuvering dim multi-target. Extensive experiments have proved the efficiency of the presented algorithm in tracking infrared maneuvering dim multi-target, which produces better performance in track detection and tracking than other TBD-based algorithms including SMC-PHD, multiple-model particle filter （MM-PF）, histogram probability multi-hypothesis tracking （H-PMHT） and Viterbi-like.展开更多
The cytosolic liver-specific growth factor-hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) has been shown to be able to amplify the rat hepatocyte proliferation responded to EGF. In order to get more insight into the mechanism, th...The cytosolic liver-specific growth factor-hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) has been shown to be able to amplify the rat hepatocyte proliferation responded to EGF. In order to get more insight into the mechanism, the regulatory effect of HSS on EGF-receptor(EGF-R) and the receptor phosphorylation at molecular level was studied. HSS partially purified from weanling rat liver was given to cultured hepatocytes and its influence on EGF-R specific binding and internalization as well as mRNA expression were investigated. The results showed that preincubation of hepatocytes with HSS could lead to an increase in [125I]-EGF binding to its receptors and inhibit EGFinduced receptor down-regulation. Furthermore, the overexpression of EGF-R mRNA stimulated by HSS was seen during 2-12 h after the incubation. Additionally, it was demonstrated with human hepatoma sMMC-7721 cells in Western blot that the EGF-R expression and the receptor autophosphorylation were increased with dose/timedependency after HSS treatment. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism of HSS action on hepatocyte growth might be related to its modulation on EGF-R and receptor-mediated signaling transduction.展开更多
To the potential oil-spill risk caused by offshore pipeline more attention has been paid after the Dalian oil spill incident from oil-pipeline explosion. Since then an issue about how to prevent and control the sudden...To the potential oil-spill risk caused by offshore pipeline more attention has been paid after the Dalian oil spill incident from oil-pipeline explosion. Since then an issue about how to prevent and control the sudden oil-spill from the offshore pipeline has been raised. In this paper, we proposed an optimized model to analyze the main causes(probability) of spill and the consequence with the fuzzy comprehensive assessment model. Considering the complicated assessment process for oil-spill, the assessment factor system involving the spill probability and consequence was established based on the operative manual and statistic leakage/damage data of offshore pipeline in order to estimate the integrated spill risk score automatically. The evaluated factors of spill probability could be grouped into five aspects: corrosion, fatigue, national damage, third party, and operational fault; the consequence evaluated factors of spill included hazard of oil and impact-controlling capability. With some modifications based on experts' opinions, each of the evaluated factors in our work was developed with a relative weight and evaluation criterion. A test example for an offshore pipeline in the Bohai waters was described to show how the model can be used for an actual case in more detail. By using the oil-spill risk assessment model, it is easy to determine the risk level associated with the ongoing activity and management level and hence to take the risk mitigation action immediately.展开更多
Genetic linkage maps are important for quantitative trait locus(QTL) and marker-assisted selection breeding. The wolfberry(Lycium spp.) is an important food and traditional medicine in China. However, few construction...Genetic linkage maps are important for quantitative trait locus(QTL) and marker-assisted selection breeding. The wolfberry(Lycium spp.) is an important food and traditional medicine in China. However, few construction genetic linkage maps have been reported because of the lack of genomic and genetic resources. In this study, a population of 89 F1 seedings was derived from a cross between two heterozygous parents, L. chinense var. potaninii ‘BF-01’(female)and L. barbarum var. auranticarpum ‘NH-01’(male), in order to construct a genetic linkage map using simple sequence repeat(SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) markers based on the double pseudo-test cross mapping strategy. The resulting genetic map consisted of 165 markers(74 AFLPs and 91 SSRs) distributed across 12 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 557.6 cM with an average distance of 3.38 cM between adjacent markers.The 12 linkage groups contained 3 to 21 markers and ranged in length from 8.6 to 58.3 cM. Twenty-nine segregated markers distributed in the map were mainly located on LG4 and LG9 linkage groups at P<0.05. This is the first linkage map of Lycium species using SSR and AFLP markers, which can serve as basis for improving genes and selective breeding of the genome assembly.展开更多
Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar （SAR） oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient （μ）, Muller matrix parameters （｜C｜,B0 ）, the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix （λnos） and the infl...Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar （SAR） oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient （μ）, Muller matrix parameters （｜C｜,B0 ）, the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix （λnos） and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena （oil slick and look likes）. The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches （low wind and biogenic slick） with the signal below the noise, polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes （low wind and biogenic slick） and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polafimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration.展开更多
Oil droplet size distribution （ODSD） plays a critical role in the rising velocity and transport of oil droplets in subsurface oil releases. In this paper, subsurface oil release experiments were conducted to study O...Oil droplet size distribution （ODSD） plays a critical role in the rising velocity and transport of oil droplets in subsurface oil releases. In this paper, subsurface oil release experiments were conducted to study ODSD under different experimental conditions in a laboratory water tank observed by two high-speed cameras in March and April 2017. The correlation formulas Oh=lO.2Re-~ and Oh=39.2Re-1 （Re represents Reynolds number and Oh represents Ohnesorge number） were established to distinguish the boundaries of the three instability regimes in dimensionless space based on the experimental results. The oil droplet sizes from the experimental data showed an excellent match to the Rosin-Rammler distribution function with determination coefficients ranging from 0.86 to 1.00 for Lvda 10-1 oil. This paper also explored the influence factors on and change rules ofoil droplet size. The volume median diameter d50 decreased steadily with increasing jet velocity, and a sharp decrease occurred in the laminar-breakup regime. At Weber numbers （We） 〈100, the orifice diameter and oil viscosity appeared to have a large influence on the mean droplet diameter. At 100〈We〈1 000, the oil viscosity appeared to have a larger influence on the relative mean droplet diameter.展开更多
Total platinum-group elements （PGEs） abundances in basalts from the spreading axis of Mariana Trough ranged from 0.418 × 10^9 to 1. 022 × 10^-9, and primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns are of positive...Total platinum-group elements （PGEs） abundances in basalts from the spreading axis of Mariana Trough ranged from 0.418 × 10^9 to 1. 022 × 10^-9, and primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns are of positive slope showing the relative enrichment of PPGE （ platinum, palladium, rhodium） and gold relative to IPGE. Compared with other mantle-originated rocks, these basalts have lower PGE contents and wider ranges of primitive mantle-normalized ratios of palladium content to iridium one, palladium content to platinum one and palladium content to gold one exhibiting relative platinum and iridium depletion. Characteristics of PGE patterns indicated that the studied Mariana Trough basalts originated from low partial melting, and the MORB mantle beneath the spreading center had been contaminated by the are-island mantle. In the aspect of trace elements, Mariana Trough basalts showed the enrichment of LILE, lead and LREE, indicating that they had been influenced by subduetion compositions. All these demonstrated that Mariana Trough basalts are products of partial melting from a mixed mantle （ the contamination of MORB mantle by are-island mantle）.展开更多
For the numerical simulation of compressible flows,normally different mesh sizes are expected in different regions.For example,smaller mesh sizes are required to improve the local numerical resolution in the regions w...For the numerical simulation of compressible flows,normally different mesh sizes are expected in different regions.For example,smaller mesh sizes are required to improve the local numerical resolution in the regions where the physical variables vary violently(for example,near the shock waves or in the boundary layers)and larger elements are expected for the regions where the solution is smooth.h-adaptive mesh has been widely used for complex flows.However,there are two difficulties when employing h-adaptivity for high-order discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods.First,locally curved elements are required to precisely match the solid boundary,which significantly increases the difficulty to conduct the"refining"and"coarsening"operations since the curved information has to be maintained.Second,h-adaptivity could break the partition balancing,which would significantly affect the efficiency of parallel computing.In this paper,a robust and automatic h-adaptive method is developed for high-order DG methods on locally curved tetrahedral mesh,for which the curved geometries are maintained during the h-adaptivity.Furthermore,the reallocating and rebalancing of the computational loads on parallel clusters are conducted to maintain the parallel efficiency.Numerical results indicate that the introduced h-adaptive method is able to generate more reasonable mesh according to the structure of flow-fields.展开更多
The recombinant plasmid pBIBSa containing the HBsAg DNA fragment was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 directly. Ginseng cells were transfected with A. tumefaciens carrying pBIBSa and the ginse...The recombinant plasmid pBIBSa containing the HBsAg DNA fragment was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 directly. Ginseng cells were transfected with A. tumefaciens carrying pBIBSa and the ginseng cell lines carrying HBsAg-S gene were obtained. The presence of target gene in the transfect cells was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR. A clear band at the site of 700 bp was observed by agarose electrophoresis analysis of the samples containing the target gene. HBsAg expressed by the transgenic ginseng cells was detected by Western blot. Maximum expression levels of 184 ng HBsAg/g FW and 0. 009% of the total soluble proteins were observed by ELISA. HBsAg in ginseng cells was located both on the cell membrane and in the nuclei.展开更多
文摘背景:鱼类牙齿演化与发育研究是理解脊椎动物与人类牙齿的切入点。近年来,分子发育生物学技术的进步为揭示牙齿与鳞片的发育同源性及信号通路的作用提供了新视角,但不同物种的比较和演化机制整合仍需深化。目的:综述鱼类牙齿的演化起源、形态差异及分子调控机制,对比不同假说的核心观点与局限性。方法:通过PubMed数据库和中国知网,以“fish teeth,tooth development,evolution of teeth,molecular regulation of teeth”为英文检索词,“鱼类牙齿,牙齿发育,牙齿演化,牙齿分子调控”为中文检索词,系统检索1970-2025年的相关文献,依据纳入标准,最终纳入77篇文献综合分析研究进展。结果与结论:分子发育证据支持“由外向内”修正假说,证实外胚层鳞片与内胚层间充质协同演化形成牙齿。鱼类牙本质划分为正齿型、骨齿型、假骨齿型及血管齿质4类。软骨鱼的类釉质依赖成牙本质细胞分泌管状囊泡启动矿化,而硬骨鱼类通过胶原纤维定向引导晶体生长,表明釉质矿化从囊泡主导向胶原模板的演化过渡。音猬因子信号在软骨鱼类中精确调控齿列再生位点,而斑马鱼咽齿依赖视黄酸信号时空特异性激活,证实核心通路(成纤维细胞生长因子、音猬因子、Wnt)的功能保守,但调控机制受到自然选择驱动,产生物种适应性演化。
文摘In this paper, we present a novel and efficient track-before-detect （TBD） algorithm based on multiple-model probability hypothesis density （MM-PHD） for tracking infrared maneuvering dim multi-target. Firstly, the standard sequential Monte Carlo probability hypothesis density （SMC-PHD） TBD-based algorithm is introduced and sequentially improved by the adaptive process noise and the importance re-sampling on particle likelihood, which result in the improvement in the algorithm robustness and convergence speed. Secondly, backward recursion of SMC-PHD is derived in order to ameliorate the tracking performance especially at the time of the multi-target arising. Finally, SMC-PHD is extended with multiple-model to track maneuvering dim multi-target. Extensive experiments have proved the efficiency of the presented algorithm in tracking infrared maneuvering dim multi-target, which produces better performance in track detection and tracking than other TBD-based algorithms including SMC-PHD, multiple-model particle filter （MM-PF）, histogram probability multi-hypothesis tracking （H-PMHT） and Viterbi-like.
文摘The cytosolic liver-specific growth factor-hepatic stimulator substance (HSS) has been shown to be able to amplify the rat hepatocyte proliferation responded to EGF. In order to get more insight into the mechanism, the regulatory effect of HSS on EGF-receptor(EGF-R) and the receptor phosphorylation at molecular level was studied. HSS partially purified from weanling rat liver was given to cultured hepatocytes and its influence on EGF-R specific binding and internalization as well as mRNA expression were investigated. The results showed that preincubation of hepatocytes with HSS could lead to an increase in [125I]-EGF binding to its receptors and inhibit EGFinduced receptor down-regulation. Furthermore, the overexpression of EGF-R mRNA stimulated by HSS was seen during 2-12 h after the incubation. Additionally, it was demonstrated with human hepatoma sMMC-7721 cells in Western blot that the EGF-R expression and the receptor autophosphorylation were increased with dose/timedependency after HSS treatment. These results strongly suggest that the mechanism of HSS action on hepatocyte growth might be related to its modulation on EGF-R and receptor-mediated signaling transduction.
基金the Marine Public Welfare Research Project of China (No. 201205012)Preferential Funding of Tianjin
文摘To the potential oil-spill risk caused by offshore pipeline more attention has been paid after the Dalian oil spill incident from oil-pipeline explosion. Since then an issue about how to prevent and control the sudden oil-spill from the offshore pipeline has been raised. In this paper, we proposed an optimized model to analyze the main causes(probability) of spill and the consequence with the fuzzy comprehensive assessment model. Considering the complicated assessment process for oil-spill, the assessment factor system involving the spill probability and consequence was established based on the operative manual and statistic leakage/damage data of offshore pipeline in order to estimate the integrated spill risk score automatically. The evaluated factors of spill probability could be grouped into five aspects: corrosion, fatigue, national damage, third party, and operational fault; the consequence evaluated factors of spill included hazard of oil and impact-controlling capability. With some modifications based on experts' opinions, each of the evaluated factors in our work was developed with a relative weight and evaluation criterion. A test example for an offshore pipeline in the Bohai waters was described to show how the model can be used for an actual case in more detail. By using the oil-spill risk assessment model, it is easy to determine the risk level associated with the ongoing activity and management level and hence to take the risk mitigation action immediately.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760218)the Third Batch of Ningxia Youth Talents Supporting Program(TJGC2018022)the Whole Industry Chain Innovation Demonstration Project of Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences,China(ERS-2016-0405)。
文摘Genetic linkage maps are important for quantitative trait locus(QTL) and marker-assisted selection breeding. The wolfberry(Lycium spp.) is an important food and traditional medicine in China. However, few construction genetic linkage maps have been reported because of the lack of genomic and genetic resources. In this study, a population of 89 F1 seedings was derived from a cross between two heterozygous parents, L. chinense var. potaninii ‘BF-01’(female)and L. barbarum var. auranticarpum ‘NH-01’(male), in order to construct a genetic linkage map using simple sequence repeat(SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) markers based on the double pseudo-test cross mapping strategy. The resulting genetic map consisted of 165 markers(74 AFLPs and 91 SSRs) distributed across 12 linkage groups and spanned a total length of 557.6 cM with an average distance of 3.38 cM between adjacent markers.The 12 linkage groups contained 3 to 21 markers and ranged in length from 8.6 to 58.3 cM. Twenty-nine segregated markers distributed in the map were mainly located on LG4 and LG9 linkage groups at P<0.05. This is the first linkage map of Lycium species using SSR and AFLP markers, which can serve as basis for improving genes and selective breeding of the genome assembly.
基金The Shandong Natural Science Joint Foundation of China under contract No.U1606405
文摘Polarimetric synthetic aperture radar （SAR） oil spill detection parameters conformity coefficient （μ）, Muller matrix parameters （｜C｜,B0 ）, the eigenvalues of simplified coherency matrix （λnos） and the influence of SAR observing parameters, ocean environment and noise level are investigated. Radarsat-2 data are used to make systematic analysis of polarimetric parameters for different incidences, wind speeds, noise levels and the ocean phenomena （oil slick and look likes）. The influence of the SAR observing parameters, the ocean environment and the noise level on the typical polarimetric SAR parameter conformity coefficient has been analyzed. The results indicate that conformity coefficient cannot be simply used for oil spill detection, which represents the image signal to the noise level to some extent. When the signals are below the noise level for the oil slick and the look likes, the conformity coefficients are negative; while the signals above the noise level corresponds to positive conformity coefficients. For dark patches （low wind and biogenic slick） with the signal below the noise, polarization features such as conformity coefficient cannot separate them with oil slick. For the signal above the noise, the oil slick, the look likes （low wind and biogenic slick） and clean sea all have positive conformity coefficients, among which, the oil slick has the smallest conformity coefficient, the look likes the second, and the clean sea the largest value. For polarimetric SAR data oil spill detection, the noise plays a significant role. So the polafimetric SAR data oil spill detection should be carried out on the basis of noise consideration.
基金The National Key Research and Development Program of China under contract No.2016YFC1402303
文摘Oil droplet size distribution （ODSD） plays a critical role in the rising velocity and transport of oil droplets in subsurface oil releases. In this paper, subsurface oil release experiments were conducted to study ODSD under different experimental conditions in a laboratory water tank observed by two high-speed cameras in March and April 2017. The correlation formulas Oh=lO.2Re-~ and Oh=39.2Re-1 （Re represents Reynolds number and Oh represents Ohnesorge number） were established to distinguish the boundaries of the three instability regimes in dimensionless space based on the experimental results. The oil droplet sizes from the experimental data showed an excellent match to the Rosin-Rammler distribution function with determination coefficients ranging from 0.86 to 1.00 for Lvda 10-1 oil. This paper also explored the influence factors on and change rules ofoil droplet size. The volume median diameter d50 decreased steadily with increasing jet velocity, and a sharp decrease occurred in the laminar-breakup regime. At Weber numbers （We） 〈100, the orifice diameter and oil viscosity appeared to have a large influence on the mean droplet diameter. At 100〈We〈1 000, the oil viscosity appeared to have a larger influence on the relative mean droplet diameter.
基金This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 40273025the National High Technology Research and Development of China under contract No. 2006AA09Z219+1 种基金the Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, the State 0ceanic Administrationthe National Basic Research Program of China under contract No. G2000078503.
文摘Total platinum-group elements （PGEs） abundances in basalts from the spreading axis of Mariana Trough ranged from 0.418 × 10^9 to 1. 022 × 10^-9, and primitive mantle-normalized PGE patterns are of positive slope showing the relative enrichment of PPGE （ platinum, palladium, rhodium） and gold relative to IPGE. Compared with other mantle-originated rocks, these basalts have lower PGE contents and wider ranges of primitive mantle-normalized ratios of palladium content to iridium one, palladium content to platinum one and palladium content to gold one exhibiting relative platinum and iridium depletion. Characteristics of PGE patterns indicated that the studied Mariana Trough basalts originated from low partial melting, and the MORB mantle beneath the spreading center had been contaminated by the are-island mantle. In the aspect of trace elements, Mariana Trough basalts showed the enrichment of LILE, lead and LREE, indicating that they had been influenced by subduetion compositions. All these demonstrated that Mariana Trough basalts are products of partial melting from a mixed mantle （ the contamination of MORB mantle by are-island mantle）.
基金supported by the funding of the Key Laboratory of Aerodynamic Noise Control(No.ANCL20190103)the State Key Laboratory of Aerodynamics(No.SKLA20180102)+1 种基金the Aeronautical Science Foundation of China(Nos.2018ZA52002,2019ZA052011)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61672281,61732006)。
文摘For the numerical simulation of compressible flows,normally different mesh sizes are expected in different regions.For example,smaller mesh sizes are required to improve the local numerical resolution in the regions where the physical variables vary violently(for example,near the shock waves or in the boundary layers)and larger elements are expected for the regions where the solution is smooth.h-adaptive mesh has been widely used for complex flows.However,there are two difficulties when employing h-adaptivity for high-order discontinuous Galerkin(DG)methods.First,locally curved elements are required to precisely match the solid boundary,which significantly increases the difficulty to conduct the"refining"and"coarsening"operations since the curved information has to be maintained.Second,h-adaptivity could break the partition balancing,which would significantly affect the efficiency of parallel computing.In this paper,a robust and automatic h-adaptive method is developed for high-order DG methods on locally curved tetrahedral mesh,for which the curved geometries are maintained during the h-adaptivity.Furthermore,the reallocating and rebalancing of the computational loads on parallel clusters are conducted to maintain the parallel efficiency.Numerical results indicate that the introduced h-adaptive method is able to generate more reasonable mesh according to the structure of flow-fields.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Development Planning Foundation of Jilin Province of China(No.20030405)
文摘The recombinant plasmid pBIBSa containing the HBsAg DNA fragment was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain LBA4404 directly. Ginseng cells were transfected with A. tumefaciens carrying pBIBSa and the ginseng cell lines carrying HBsAg-S gene were obtained. The presence of target gene in the transfect cells was confirmed by PCR and RT-PCR. A clear band at the site of 700 bp was observed by agarose electrophoresis analysis of the samples containing the target gene. HBsAg expressed by the transgenic ginseng cells was detected by Western blot. Maximum expression levels of 184 ng HBsAg/g FW and 0. 009% of the total soluble proteins were observed by ELISA. HBsAg in ginseng cells was located both on the cell membrane and in the nuclei.
