摘要
对目前国内外较为常用的基于非点源污染控制的景观格局优化方法及其设计原则进行了系统的评述 ,以促进其推广应用并提高其污染控制效果。还通过分析这些方法在我国的应用前景 ,强调了探索适合我国国情的景观格局优化方法对于控制非点源污染的重要意义。
Water quality deterioration induced by non-point source pollution has been of increasing concern in recent years. On the landscape scale there are always some areas which contribute much more nonpoint source pollutants to surface and subsurface waters then others as a result of more intensive land-use practices and other anthropogenic activities. Land-use activities also affect water quality by altering sediment, chemical loads, and watershed hydrology. Some land uses may contribute to the maintenance of water quality by forming physical or biogeochemical barriers which efficiently intercept and transform nonpoint pollutants. Landscape management methods thereby may offer great opportunity for water quality protection by alleviating the generation of pollutants from source areas and by removing pollutants on their way to water bodies. Natural and constructed wetlands have been known for decades to remove nutrients discharged into waters from different sources. Riparian buffer strips/zones have been proved to be particularly important as biogeochemical and ecological buffers between upland and open water systems. In China, some landscape management practices have been very effective in maintaining the stability and productivity of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and their role in mitigating nonpoint pollution have been increasingly recognized. The typical landscape in Southeast China with scattered multipond systems is very efficient in nutrients retention and removing. The properly established and managed contour hedgerow intercropping systems can reduce surface runoff, soil loss and therefore nutrient exports. Optimizing land use distribution can also result in a decreased nutrient input to and less nutrient export from agro-ecosystems. A well demonstrated example is the ecological agricultural model with forests at hilltop - tea and fruit at hillside - cropping in valley - fishery in pond in the hilly red soil region.Bearing in mind that China has the world's largest population and very limited land resource, pollution control oriented landscape management practices in the country must be both strongly environmentally sound and economically viable. The promotion of land productivity is equally important as the environmental protection. This goal can be achieved through optimal landscape design. In this paper the authors present some popular landscape management practices both at home and abroad. Then the authors summarize their design considerations and examine the potential of their application in nonpoint pollution control in China. The effective control of nonpoint pollution by landscape configuration measures requires the following:(1)Area and site-specific preventative measures and practices.(2)Critical areas where prevention options are most urgently needed be identified. (3)Information on cost-effectiveness of prevention options.(4)The effect of agricultural structure shift in nonpoint pollution control. Finally, the authors point out that the potential of removing nutrients by configuring paddy field landscape should be probed because some investigations have shown that, once properly managed, paddy fields can act as a sink of nutrients.
出处
《生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2004年第1期109-116,共8页
Acta Ecologica Sinica
基金
中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向资助项目 (KZCX3 -SW-4 17)
江苏省自然科学基金资助项目 (BK2 0 0 10 40 )
关键词
非点源污染
景观格局优化
方法
原则
non-point source pollution
landscape management
methods
principals
