摘要
生物入侵是一个世界范围的生态学现象.入侵种通过竞争、捕食、改变生境和传播疾病等方式对本地种及其系统产生影响.生物入侵的危害表现为:造成巨大的经济损失,仅美国每年因外来种入侵造成的经济损失近1370亿美元;威胁到人类的健康和生存,成千上万的人被外来种传染疾病以致死亡;引起严重的社会恐慌和动荡,人们寝食不安;改变了生态系统的结构和功能,全球自然灾害频频爆发;导致生物多样性的急剧下降,威胁到子孙后代的生存和发展.防治生物入侵有3条途径:实行全面检疫,阻止外来种的偶然入侵;采取全面的生态评估和监测,防范引进品种的入侵灾难;对已入侵的外来种采用机械法、化学法和生物防治法进行根除和控制.应用生物防治法、筛选天敌和对其进行危害评估时要特别慎重.
Biological invasion is a worldwide ecological phenomenon, but its mechanism is still not very clear. Invasive species give impacts on native species and ecosystems through competitions, predations, changing habitats, and dispersing diseases. They pose an increasing threat to the composition and structure of natural communities across the globe. Biological invasion has been greatly damaging the ecological and evolutionary integrity of natural e-cosystems, which will weaken the functions of the ecosystems and frequently cause natural disasters. A better understanding of the causes, patterns, predictability, consequences, and management options associated with this threat to biodiversity is necessary to guide managers, policy makers, researchers, and general publics. Biological invasion also causes huge economic losses, and 137 billion dollar losses per year from biological invasion were estimated in USA. Invasive diseases impair human health and kill thousands and thousands of people, and invasive bacteria lead to so serious social panic and turbulence that people could feel uneasy even when eating and sleeping. Biological invasion largely decreases global biodiversity, which will threaten the survival and development of our descendants. Three steps are used in prevention and control of biological invasions. Comprehensive quarantine is the most effective way to prevent exotic invasion by accident. Ecological evaluation and monitoring is helpful to avoid disasters from species introduction. Physical methods, chemical approaches and biological controls are used to eradicate and control the spread of invaded species. Before biological controls are chosen, risk analysis of controlling organism is needed. Ideally, there should be both pre-eradication assessment to tailor removal to avoid unwanted ecological effects and post-removal assessment of eradication effects on both the target organism and the invaded ecosystem.
出处
《应用生态学报》
CAS
CSCD
2003年第10期1795-1798,共4页
Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology
基金
国家重点基础发展规划项目(G2000046805)
中国科学院知识创新工程重要方向项目(KSCX2-SW-104-04)
国务院三峡工程建设委员会重大资助项目(SX2001-003)
关键词
全球危害
防治对策
生态系统
生物多样性
风险评估
Global consequences, Prevention and control strategies, Ecosystem, Biodiversity, Risk analysis.
