2Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. Carvedilol produces doserelated improvements in left venticular function and survival in subjevts with chronic heart failure. MOCHA investigators[J]. Circulation, 1996,94:2807~ 2816.
3Packer M. Beta - adrenergic blockade in chronic heart failure: principles,progress, and practice[J]. Prog Cardiovase Dis,1996,48:39-52.
4Packer M, Cohn JN. Consensus recommendations for the management of chronic heart failure[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1999, 83(suppl 2A): 1A -38A.
5Metra M, Modena M, Giubbini R, et al. Differential effects of beta- blockers in patients with heart fauilure .A prospective, randomized, double- blind comparison of the long- term effects of metoptolol versus carvedilol[ J]. Circulation,2000,102:546 - 551.
6Doughty RN, Rodger A, Sharpe N, et al. Effects of beta - blocker therapy on mortality in patiets with heart failure: a systematic overview of randomized controlled trials[J]. Eur Heart J,1997,18:560.
7Feuerstein GZ, Bril A, Ruffolo-JrRR. Protective efects of carvedilol in the myocardium[J]. Am J Cardiol, 1997,80(11A) : 41L - 42L.
8Billman GE, Castillo LC, Henaley J, et al.B2- adrenergic receptor antagonists protect against ventrcular fibrillation. In vivi and vitro evidence for enhanced sensitivity toB2 - adrenergc stimulation in animals susceptible for sudden death[J]. Circulation, 1997,96:1914.
9Bristow MR. Mechanism of action of beta - blocking agent in heart failure[J].Am J Cardiol, 1997,80( 11 A) : 26L.
二级参考文献1
1Consensus recommendations for the management of chronic heart failure.On behalf of the membership of the advisory council to improve outcomes nationwide in heart failure[].The American Journal of Cardiology.1999
5Ruffolo RR, Gallai M, Hieble JP, et al. The pharmacology of carve- dilol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 1990,38 : $82 - $88.
6Australiz/New Zealand Heart Failure Research Collaborative Group. Randomised, Placebo - controlled trim of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, t997, 349:373 - 380.
9Dupont AG,Van der Niepen P,Taeymans Y,et al.Effect of carvedilol on ambulatory blood pressure,renal hemodynamics,and cardiac function in essential hypertension.J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1987;10 Suppl 11:S130-S136
10Packer M,Coats AJ,Fowler MB,et al.Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure.N Engl J Med 2001;344(22):1651-1658