摘要
华夏农耕文化发源于黄河、长江中下游冲积平原的林缘地带 ,由此向外扩展。伏羲氏是脱胎于游猎采集而进入家畜饲养业的农业始祖。由满足畜牧业种草进而作物栽培的神农氏时代相继发生。农耕必然与定居相伴 ,以鸟巢为滥觞的木架民居结构于是出现 ,有巢氏与神农氏的时代同步。从此揭开了华夏民族以耕战为特色的农耕文化长卷。以商鞅“垦草”为代表的农耕思想 ,代代相传 ,直到晚近的“以粮为纲” ,以谷物生产为主的农业系统和农耕文化盘踞中国数千年 ,对土地资源造成难以估量的损失。工商业在春秋战国末年曾经有过生机勃勃的萌芽时期 ,文化科技也随之繁荣 ,史称“百家争鸣”黄金时代。但商业发展威胁了封建贵族 ,重士农 ,轻工商的思想逐步占据上风 ,到了初汉 ,从思想到社会 ,形成颇为完整的尊孔抑商体系 。
The Chinese agriculture was initiated from the forest fringe of the plain in the low branches of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. Fuxi (one of the earliest legendary rulers during 2852～2738 B.C.) was the agrarian pioneer transforming hunting and fishing to home animal rising. He was followed by the Shennong era, shifting from grass planning to crops cultivation. Agriculture goes always side by side with permanent settlement, which resulted in wooden material built residency imitated birds nets. Therefore the Youchao era was paralleled with Shennong era, unfolding the long history of China with a unique feature of planting and war fairs. The idea of grass cultivation represented by Shangyang has passed down generation by generation to its latest form 'crop planning as the core', the crops oriented agrarian format and culture has dominated China for several thousands of years, which has made enormous damages to soil recourses. Craft manufacture and commerce had bloomed some during the eras of Spring Autumn (770-476 B.C.) and Warring States (475-221 B.C) and at that time period culture and technologies were flourished as well, which was referred as a Golden Age with Hundred Schools Debate. However, the growth of commerce threatened the social status of aristocrats so the thought of despising artisans and merchants and praising intellectuals and farmers gradually took the ruling position. Up to the early Han Dynasty a holistic system of upholding Confucianism and depressing commercialism was formed, and science and technology lost the proper social condition for their development ever since.
出处
《世界科技研究与发展》
CSCD
2003年第2期21-26,共6页
World Sci-Tech R&D
基金
国家自然学基金重点项目 [39630 2 5 0 ]资助
关键词
华夏民族
农耕文化
谷物生产
耕战论
神农氏
伏羲氏
Chinese culture, Fuxi, Shennong, Youchao, Theory of planting and war fairs, Grassland reclamation, Cereal crop production
