摘要
“粒子说”是经典光学理论的一种早期观点,认为光由微小、不可分割的粒子组成,并以直线传播。牛顿是该理论的主要倡导者之一,他提出用光粒子的运动和相互作用解释诸如反射、折射等基本光学现象。本文探讨了粒子说对干涉、衍射、偏振等波动光学现象的解释,并揭示其中蕴含的波动思想。牛顿通过“适合”概念,从粒子运动的角度尝试解释干涉现象,而马吕斯和毕奥则进一步提出光粒子在力作用下的运动规律,从理论上统一了反射、干涉及偏振等光学现象,推动粒子说达到了新的高度。尽管粒子理论将光视为由微小粒子组成,但其在解释偏振和干涉现象时,已不自觉地融入了波动的周期性特征。这些早期研究不仅为波动理论的崛起奠定了坚实的实验和理论基础,还生动展现了科学理论发展的内在逻辑,即矛盾中的对立与统一。将这一科学史视角融入教学,不仅能够帮助学生深入理解科学发展的复杂性,还能有效培养批判性思维与创新能力,并激发对科学探索的浓厚兴趣。
The“corpuscular theory”is an early viewpoint in classical optics,proposing that light consists of tiny,indivisible particles propagating in straight lines.Newton,as one of its principal advocate,suggested that the motion and interactions of light particles could explain fundamental optical phenomena such as reflection and refraction.This paper examines how the“corpuscular theory”accounts for interference,diffraction,and polarization—phenomena typically associated with wave optics—and reveals the wave-like ideas it implicitly contains.Newton introduced the concept of“fits”to explain interference from the perspective of particle motion,while Malus and Biot further proposed laws governing the motion of light particles under forces,theoretically unifying phenomena such as total reflection,interference,and polarization,thereby elevating the corpuscular theory to new heights.Although the theory regarded light as composed of particles,its explanations of polarization and interference already incorporated periodic features characteristic of waves,albeit unconsciously.These early studies not only laid a solid experimental and theoretical foundation for the rise of the wave theory,but also vividly demonstrate the internal logic of scientific development—the opposition and unity of contradictions.Incorporating this historical perspective into teaching can help students better appreciate the complexity of scientific progress,cultivate critical thinking and creativity,and inspire a strong interest in scientific inquiry.
作者
高原
李路曦
GAO Yuan;LI Luxi(School of Information Science and Engineering,Shandong University,Qingdao,Shandong 266237)
出处
《物理与工程》
2026年第1期102-106,114,共6页
Physics and Engineering
基金
国家自然科学基金(62205180)
山东大学本科教育教学研究项目一般项目。
关键词
波动光学
粒子说
干涉
衍射
偏振
wave optics
corpuscular theory
interference
diffraction
polarization
