摘要
预裂爆破技术是保障露天矿山边坡开挖轮廓面平整与岩体稳定的关键工艺。传统预裂爆破方法存在钻孔工程量大、施工成本高、效率低下等问题。为解决这些技术经济瓶颈,作者研究提出并系统探讨了一种宽孔距低威力混装乳化炸药耦合装药预裂爆破施工技术。研究以某露天矿山左侧380平台变质砂岩边坡工程为背景,针对其岩石硬度高(坚固性系数f=12~16)、岩体结构完整的特点,深入剖析了该技术应用中的核心技术难点:孔距增大至(18~25)倍孔径(以140 mm孔径为例,孔距达3.0 m)导致的应力波叠加效应减弱与裂纹贯通难度增加;底部耦合装药与上部空气间隔组合的装药结构对能量精准分配与“气刃效应”利用的更高要求。基于应力波传播理论与爆生气体准静态压力作用机理,进行了系统的方案设计,设计了底部耦合装药(保证裂纹起裂)、上部空气间隔(促进裂纹延伸)的装药结构;采用了基于电子雷管的精确延时起爆网路,确保预裂孔先响并于孔间形成协同应力场。应用结果表明:爆后半孔率平均达85.2%,预裂面平整度偏差控制在±8.7 cm。通过钻孔量减少50%、电子雷管替代导爆索(成本降幅达84%)及混装炸药车高效装药(效率提升5倍以上),使每平方米预裂面综合成本降低46.6%。宽孔距低威力混装乳化炸药耦合装药预裂爆破技术先进、经济显著、安全可靠,成功解决了传统工艺的诸多弊端,为类似地质条件下的露天矿山边坡控制爆破提供了可复制、可推广的综合解决方案,具有广阔的工程应用前景。
Presplit blasting serves as an essential technique for maintaining optimal excavation profile integrity and enhancing rock mass stability in open-pit mining operations.Traditional presplit blasting techniques are plagued by excessive drilling requirements,prohibitive construction expenses,and suboptimal operational efficiency.To address these technical and economic constraints,this study introduces and comprehensively examines an innovative technique:wide-spacing presplit blasting with low-power,bulk-loaded explosives and a coupled-charging configuration.This investigation focuses on the engineering of metamorphic sandstone slopes at the 380 platform on the left side of a specific open-pit mining operation,which serves as the research context for the study.This study addresses the critical technical challenges in implementing the novel method under conditions of high rock hardness(strength factor f=12~16)and intact rock mass structure,focusing on two key aspects:the diminished superposition effect of stress waves and the enhanced difficulty of crack coalescence resulting from significantly increased borehole spacing(18~25 times the borehole diameter,e.g.,3.0 m spacing for a 140 mm diameter holes);and the stringent requirements for precise energy distribution and optimal utilization of the“air wedge effect”imposed by the unique charging configuration that combining bottom-coupled charges with upper decked air gaps.Based on stress wave propagation theory and explosion gas quasi-static pressure mechanisms,this study develops an optimized blasting design featuring bottom-coupled charges for effective crack initiation combined with upper decked air gaps to facilitate crack propagation,while employing an electronic detonator-based precision delay initiation network to ensure prioritized presplit hole detonation and coordinated inter-hole stress field development.Field application demonstrated outstanding performance metrics:the technique achieved an average half-hole preservation rate of 85.2%while maintaining presplit surface deviation within 8.7 cm.The innovative approach yielded substantial economic benefits,including a 50%reduction in drilling volume,an 84%cost saving through electronic detonator substitution for detonating cord,and more than fivefold efficiency gains via bulk explosive loading systems,collectively reducing comprehensive costs per square meter by 46.6%.This advanced wide-spacing,low-power,bulk-loaded emulsion explosive coupled charge presplit blasting technology represents a technically sophisticated,economically viable,and operationally reliable solution that effectively addresses conventional method limitations.The successful implementation establishes a replicable framework for slope control blasting in analogous open-pit mining environments,demonstrating significant potential for widespread engineering applications.
作者
陈运成
杨志勇
管伟明
赵明生
朱伟
刘刚
李铁龙
侯得峰
CHEN Yun-cheng;YANG Zhi-yong;GUAN Wei-ming;ZHAO Ming-sheng;ZHU Wei;LIU Gang;LI Tie-long;HOU De-feng(Hongda Blasting Engineering Group Co.,Ltd.,Guangzhou,510000,China;Xinjiang Tianchi Energy Co.,Ltd.,Changji 831700,China;School of Geology and Mining Engineering,Xinjiang University,Wulumuqi 830017,China)
出处
《爆破》
北大核心
2026年第1期58-61,108,共5页
Blasting
基金
地球深部探测与矿产资源勘查国家科技重大专项基金资助项目(2024ZD1003406)
非煤露天矿山安全智能开采国家矿山安全监察局重点实验室开放课题基金资助项目(2024-K03、2024-K05)。
关键词
预裂爆破
宽孔距
混装乳化炸药
耦合装药
经济效益
presplitting blasting
wide hole spacing
bulk emulsified explosive
coupled charge
economic benefit
