摘要
【目的】探明氮肥减量配施有机物对大白菜生长及养分利用的影响,为大白菜生产中提高氮素利用率和有机物料的高效利用提供参考。【方法】在贵州省毕节市威宁县草海镇以大白菜品种CR-乌撒强根为试材、尿素为氮源、生物碳和商品有机肥为有机物,以不施氮肥为对照(0%N,CK),在磷、钾肥用量不变的条件下,考察单施氮肥(100%N)、100%氮肥+生物炭(100%NB)、85%氮肥+生物炭(85%NB)、70%氮肥+生物炭(70%NB)、100%氮肥+商品有机肥(100%NO)、85%氮肥+商品有机肥(85%NO)、70%氮肥+商品有机肥(70%NO)处理对大白菜产量、养分积累、养分吸收效率和经济效益的影响。【结果】当氮肥不减施时,配施生物炭(100%NB)和商品有机肥(100%NO)均能提高大白菜氮素累积量,以配施商品有机肥效果较好,为167.47 kg/hm^(2)。当氮肥减施15%时,即85%NB和85%NO处理的大白菜均有稳产或小幅增产的效果,以配施商品有机肥效果优于生物炭,为57880.5 kg/hm^(2);氮素累积量与100%N处理相当,替代效果明显;氮、磷、钾吸收利用效率略高于100%N处理,但差异不显著;产值分别为56559.0元/hm^(2)、57880.5元/hm^(2),与100%N处理大白菜产值相差较小。当氮肥减施30%时,即70%NB和70%NO处理大白菜产量分别为48022 kg/hm^(2)、48387 kg/hm^(2),低于100%N处理;氮、磷、钾吸收利用效率则低于100%N处理,替代效果为负效应。【结论】在贵州高山冷凉蔬菜区,化学氮肥减量15%配施有机物料(生物炭和商品有机肥)均能保障大白菜产量,且以商品有机肥替代效果优于生物炭,当地大白菜的氮肥投入量宜为191.25 kg/hm^(2),同时配施6000 kg/hm^(2)有机物料。
【Objective】The effects of nitrogen reduction combinated with organic matter on growth and nutrient utilization of Chinese cabbage were studied to provide a reference for improvement of nitrogen utilization efficiency and efficient utilization of organic matter in cultivation of Chinese cabbage.【Method】The effects of single N fertilization(100%N),100%N+biochar(100%NB),85%N+biochar(85%NB),70%N+biochar(70%NB),100%N+commercial organic fertilizer(100%NO),85%N+commercial organic fertilizer(85%NO)and 70%N+commercial organic fertilizer(70%NO)treatments on yield,nutrient accumulation,nutrient absorption efficiency and economic benefits of CR-Wusaqianggen,a Chinese cabbage variety,were analyzed by taking no nitrogen fertilizer application as CK(0%N)and urea as nitrogen source under the same application amount of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in Caohai Town,Weining County,Bijie City,Guizhou.【Result】The 100%NB and 100%NO treatments both could improve nitrogen accumulation in Chinese cabbage,showing a effective alternative.The nitrogen accumulation in Chinese cabbage of 100%NO treatment reached 167.47 kg/hm^(2).The 85%NB and 85%NO treatments both had the stable or slight increase effect on yield of Chinese cabbage.The Chinese cabbage yield of 85%NO treatment was 57880.5 kg/hm^(2)and its nitrogen accumulation was comparable to that of 100%N treatment.The nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium absorption and utilization efficiency of 85%NB and 85%NO treatment was slightly higher than that of 100%N treatment but the difference was not significant.The output value of 85%NO and 85%NB treatment was 56559.0 Yuan/hm^(2)and 57880.5 Yuan/hm^(2)respectively,and no significant difference with that of 100%N treatment.The Chinese cabbage yield of 70%NB and 70%NO treatment was 48022 kg/hm^(2)and 48387 kg/hm^(2)respectively,and lower than that of 100%N treatment.The nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium absorption and utilization efficiency of 70%NB and 70%NO treatment was lower than that of 100%N treatment also,indicating negative substitution effect.【Conclusion】The fertilization pattern of reducing 15%nitrogen application amount+biochar or commercial organic fertilizer can ensure yield of Chinese cabbage cultivated in high-altitude and cool vegetable regions of Guizhou,and the substitution effect of commercial organic fertilizer is better than that of biochar.The optimal nitrogen application amount is 191.25 kg/hm^(2)in production of Chinese cabbage under the condition of applying 6000 kg/hm^(2)of organic materials.
作者
瞿飞
魏全全
杨静
赵夏云
文林宏
芶久兰
QU Fei;WEI Quanquan;YANG Jing;ZHAO Xiayun;WEN Linhong;GOU Jiulan(Guizhou Horticulture Research Institute,Guiyang,Guizhou 550006;Guizhou Institute of Soil and Fertilizer,Guiyang,Guizhou 550006,China)
出处
《贵州农业科学》
2026年第2期71-77,共7页
Guizhou Agricultural Sciences
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFD1601708)
国家大宗蔬菜产业技术体系贵阳综合试验站项目(CARS-23-G37)
贵州省蔬菜现代农业产业技术体系建设项目(GZCYTX2024-01)。
关键词
大白菜
氮肥减量
有机物料
产量
肥料利用率
农学效率
Chinese cabbage
nitrogen fertilizer reduction
organic materials
yield
fertilizer utilization efficiency
agronomic efficiency
