摘要
长期以来,针对反不正当竞争法中竞争关系的内涵与体系地位,理论与实践皆存分歧。在过去,我国竞争法与劳动法反不正当竞争法将经营业务作为界定竞争关系的标尺,这种做法既源于早期市场环境的形塑作用,也可降低反不正当竞争法的涵摄难度。但在数字时代,囿于传统竞争关系难以适应市场与反不正当竞争法的发展,竞争关系的语义外延几度扩张,其内涵仍不明确。竞争行为与经营业务不尽相同,前者是竞争关系产生的前提。基于此,可通过生态学溯源,明确竞争关系具有互抑性与时空有界性,并重构反不正当竞争法中竞争关系的内涵:经营者与其他经营者生态位重叠导致经营者从事竞争行为,引发竞争利益流动,最终促成竞争关系。最后,由于竞争行为的正当性、反不正当竞争法的独立性与竞争关系均无关联,且域内外规范均未强调竞争关系的必要性,因此,竞争关系并非界定不正当竞争的先决要件,宜将之归为执法裁量或司法判决的补强因素。
For a long time,both theory and practice have differed on the essence and systemic status of competitive relationships under the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.Historically,both China's competition law and labor law have used business operations as the benchmark for defining competitive relationships.This approach stems from the shaping influence of early market environments and simplifies the application of the Anti-Unfair Competition Law.However,in the digital era,traditional competitive relationship struggle to adapt to market developments and the evolving Anti-Unfair Competition Law.While the semantic scope of competitive relationship has expanded several times,its precise meaning remains unclear.Competitive conduct differs from business operations;the former constitutes the prerequisite for competitive relationship.Drawing on ecological principles,we can clarify that competitive relationships inherently involve mutual suppression and are bounded by time and space.This allows us to reconstruct the essence of competitive relationships within the Anti-Unfair Competition Law:Overlapping ecological niches between operators trigger competitive conduct,leading to the flow of competitive interests and ultimately establishing competitive relationship.Finally,since the legitimacy of competitive conduct and the independence of anti-unfair competition law are unrelated to competitive relationships,and neither domestic nor international norms emphasize the necessity of such relationship,competitive relationships should not be regarded as prerequisites for defining unfair competition.Instead,it should be classified as supplementary factors for enforcement discretion or judicial adjudication.
作者
刘健
LIU JIAN(Wuhan University Law School,Wuhan 430072,China)
出处
《西安电子科技大学学报(社会科学版)》
2026年第1期100-112,共13页
Journal of Xidian University:Social Science Edition
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目“适应新时代市场监管需要的权力配置研究”(20&ZD194)。
关键词
竞争关系
反不正当竞争法
竞争行为
竞争利益
生态位
Competitive relationship
Anti-Unfair Competition Law
Competitive conduct
Competitive interests
Ecological niche
