摘要
目的:基于历代本草记载的栀子传统品质评价,从性状、显微、初生与次生代谢产物含量3个方面,系统比较野生与栽培栀子的品质差异。方法:使用游标卡尺及分析天平测量野生和栽培栀子的长度、直径、单果质量等性状数据,并计算纵横比;采用色差仪测定野生与栽培栀子的色度值;采用番红固绿染色法制作野生和栽培栀子的石蜡切片,采用光学显微镜观察其显微结构;按照2020年版《中华人民共和国药典》四部通则2201浸出物测定法项下热浸法检测野生和栽培栀子水溶性浸出物及醇溶性浸出物的含量;采用蒽酮比色法测定二者淀粉含量;使用苯酚-硫酸比色法测定二者总多糖含量;采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法(HPLC-ELSD)测定二者蔗糖含量;采用超高效液相色谱法(UPLC)测定野生和栽培栀子中代表性成分的含量。将品质性状与表型性状进行相关性分析,结合主成分分析(PCA)及正交偏最小二乘法-判别分析(OPLS-DA)等多元统计分析方法,筛选野生和栽培栀子的关键差异性成分。结果:性状方面,野生栀子果实较小,果实呈红黄色或棕红色,各批次间区别较大,而栽培栀子果实较大,果实呈橙红色或棕红色,颜色较深;栽培栀子的直径和单果质量明显大于野生栀子,而野生栀子的黄蓝色值(b*)明显大于栽培栀子。显微结构方面,野生栀子的中果皮内散在多数草酸钙簇晶,内果皮石细胞类圆形、多角形或切向延长,果实内可见未发育完全的种子,而栽培栀子中果皮内可见少量草酸钙簇晶,或部分批次中可见簇晶极多,内果皮石细胞多类圆形,最内层石细胞栅状排列,种子基本发育成熟,仅部分批次存在少数未发育成熟的种子。初生代谢产物含量方面,野生栀子总多糖含量显著高于栽培栀子(P<0.01)。类别组分含量上,野生栀子总黄酮、总多酚含量显著高于栽培栀子(P<0.01)。12种次生代谢产物含量测定结果显示,野生栀子中山栀苷、去乙酰车叶草苷酸甲酯、羟异栀子苷、绿原酸的含量显著高于栽培栀子(P<0.01),而京尼平龙胆双糖苷、栀子苷、京尼平的含量显著低于栽培栀子(P<0.01)。结论:野生和栽培栀子在性状、显微结构及初生与次生代谢产物含量方面均存在明显差异。目前,栽培栀子质量评价体系尚不完善,该研究可为引导生产高品质栀子药材提供参考。
Objective:Based on traditional quality evaluation of Gardeniae Fructus(GF)recorded in historical materia medica,this study systematically compared the quality differences between wild and cultivated GF from morphological characteristics,microscopic features,and contents of primary and secondary metabolites.Methods:Vernier calipers and analytical balances were used to measure the length,diameter and individual fruit weight of wild and cultivated GF,and the aspect ratio was calculated.A colorimeter was used to determine the chromaticity value of wild and cultivated GF,and the paraffin sections of them were prepared by safranin-fast green staining and examined under an optical microscope to observe their microstructure.Subsequently,the contents of water-soluble and alcohol-soluble extracts of wild and cultivated GF were detected by hot immersion method under the general rule 2201 in volumeⅣof the 2020 edition of the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China,the starch content was measured by anthrone colorimetric method,the content of total polysaccharides was determined by phenol-sulfuric acid colorimetric method,the sucrose content was determined by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection(HPLC-ELSD),and the contents of representative components in them were measured by ultra-performance liquid chromatography(UPLC).Finally,correlation analysis was conducted between quality traits and phenotypic traits,combined with multivariate statistical analysis methods such as principal component analysis(PCA)and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA),key differential components between wild and cultivated GF were screened.Results:In terms of traits,the wild GF fruits were smaller,exhibiting reddish yellow or brownish red hues with significant variation between batches.While the cultivated GF fruits are larger,displaying deeper orange-red or brownish red.The diameter and individual fruit weight of cultivated GF were significantly greater than those of wild GF,while the blue-yellow value(b*)of wild GF was significantly higher than that of cultivated GF.In the microstructure,the mesocarp of wild GF contained numerous scattered calcium oxalate cluster crystals,while the endocarp contained stone cell class round,polygonal or tangential prolongation,undeveloped seeds were visible within the fruit.In contrast,the mesocarp of cultivated GF contained few calcium oxalate cluster crystals,or some batches exhibited extremely numerous cluster crystals.The stone cells in the endocarp were predominantly round-like,with the innermost layer arranged in a grid pattern.Seeds were basically mature,and only a few immature seeds existed in some batches.Regarding primary metabolite content,wild GF exhibited significantly higher total polysaccharide level than cultivated GF(P<0.01).In category-specific component content,wild GF exhibited significantly higher levels of total flavonoids and total polyphenols compared to cultivated GF(P<0.01).Analysis of 12 secondary metabolites revealed that wild GF exhibited significantly higher levels of Shanzhiside,deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester,gardenoside and chlorogenic acid compared to cultivated GF(P<0.01).Conversely,the contents of genipin 1-gentiobioside,geniposide and genipin were significantly lower in wild GF(P<0.01).Conclusion:There are significant differences between wild and cultivated GF in terms of traits,microstructure,and contents of primary and secondary metabolites.At present,the quality evaluation system of cultivated GF remains incomplete,and this study provides a reference for guiding the production of high-quality GF medicinal materials.
作者
商缘君
耿波
陈新
王琪
郑国华
李春
詹志来
胡俊杰
SHANG Yuanjun;GENG Bo;CHEN Xin;WANG Qi;ZHENG Guohua;LI Chun;ZHAN Zhilai;HU Junjie(School of Pharmacy,Hubei University of Chinese Medicine,Wuhan 430065,China;Hubei Shizhen Laboratory,Wuhan 430065,China;Institute of Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China;State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs,National Resource Center for Chinese Materia Medica,China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences,Beijing 100700,China)
出处
《中国实验方剂学杂志》
北大核心
2026年第5期225-234,共10页
Chinese Journal of Experimental Traditional Medical Formulae
基金
中国中医科学院科技创新工程项目(CI2023E002-05)
中央本级重大增减支项目(2060302)
广西科技重大专项(桂科AA22096029-3)。
关键词
栀子
野生
栽培
传统品质评价
性状
显微结构
化学成分
Gardeniae Fructus
wild
cultivated
traditional quality evaluation
traits
microscopic structure
chemical composition
