人工智能时代智能机器人应具有道德主体性吗?——基于先秦儒家“人禽之辨”的思考

Should Intelligent Robots Have Moral Subjectivity in the Era of Artificial Intelligence?——Based on Thinking of the Pre-Qin Confucian Theory of the“Human-Animal Distinction”

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摘要随着人工智能技术的高速发展,智能机器人在人机交互中展现出来的道德主体需求与特征,使其道德地位问题成为人工智能风险大讨论的重要议题。人工智能时代智能机器人应具有道德主体性吗?从实然层面看,依据道德主体的一般规定性,智能机器人并不具备完全意义上的道德主体性特征,然而基于实际运用中所面临的问题,应当在伦理实践层面给予其一定程度的道德主体资格,使之采纳、学习并遵循人类社会的道德秩序与价值规范,承担相应的道德责任。未来,智能机器人将与人类构成一种新型的人机关系,其衍生出的“人机之辨”同先秦儒家“人禽之辨”在维护人类道德主体地位这一目的上是趋同的。先秦儒家“人禽之辨”从人的道德性出发设定了“人何以为人”的内在本质和价值标准,为“人机之辨”提供了价值指引。以“人禽之辨”来引导人工智能伦理道德秩序的构建、促进人对自我的认知,将使人工智能的发展更好地服务于人类社会。 With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence technology,the moral subject demands and traits demonstrated by intelligent robots in human-machine interaction have made their moral status a significant issue in the broader discourse on artificial intelligence risks.Should intelligent robots possess moral subjectivity in the era of artificial intelligence?From a factual perspective,according to the general criteria of moral subjectivity,intelligent robots do not possess the characteristics of moral subjects in the full sense.However,in light of the practical challenges they face in real-world applications,it is necessary to grant them a certain degree of moral subject qualification at the level of ethical practice,enabling them to adopt,learn,and abide by the moral order and value norms of human society,while also assuming corresponding moral responsibilities.In the future,intelligent robots will form a new type of human-machine relationship with humans,giving rise to a"human-machine distinction".This distinction shares a convergent purpose with the Pre-Qin Confucian"human-animal distinction"in safeguarding the status of human moral subjectivity.The Confucian"human-animal distinction",grounded in human morality,establishes the intrinsic nature and value standard of"what makes humans human",providing value guidance for the"humanmachine distinction".Guiding the ethical and moral construction of artificial intelligence and promoting people's self-cognition with"human-animal distinction"will make the development of artificial intelligence better serve human society.

作者谢宇嘉宁 XIE Yujianing(School of Marxism,Nanjing University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区南京大学马克思主义学院

出处《太原师范学院学报(社会科学版)》 2026年第1期1-7,共7页 Journal of Taiyuan Normal University:Social Science Edition

基金 2025年江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目“先秦儒家情感教化思想及其当代思想政治教育价值研究”(KYCX25_0042)。

关键词智能机器人人禽之辨人机之辨道德主体性 intelligent robots human-animal distinction human-machine distinction moral subjectivity

分类号 B82 [哲学宗教—伦理学]