摘要
人工智能时代,以图形处理器(GPU)为关键载体的智能算力已成为大国战略竞争的核心领域。技术权力理论揭示出英伟达公司GPU市场垄断者的地位不仅是一种市场结果,更是一种权力形态,它通过硬件架构、软件生态与供应链网络构筑起控制与依附关系,成为美国对华实施技术遏制的制度化支点。面对美国趋于收紧的对华GPU政策,英伟达采取了游说美国政府与安抚中国市场双向押注、技术降级与生态固守相结合的平衡策略,同时通过调整全球产能布局与构建行业生态联盟来应对地缘政治风险。这些行为在短期内虽为其保留了部分中国市场并规避了政策风险,但长期来看,却加速了中国国产GPU的替代进程,也破坏了全球半导体产业链的稳定,加剧中美在科技领域的战略互疑与“体系并行”风险,最终会对全球科技治理体系的发展产生深远的负面影响。英伟达的战略折射出技术巨头在国家安全逻辑与全球市场逻辑之间难以调和的根本困境。
In the age of artificial intelligence,intelligent computing power with graphics processing units(GPUs)as its critical medium has emerged as a central arena of strategic competition among major countries.The theory of technological power reveals that NVIDIA's market dominance transcends a mere commercial phenomenon,representing a configuration of power relations.By orchestrating hardware architecture,software ecosystem,and supplychain networks,NVIDIA has established systems of control and dependency,positioning itself as the institutional linchpin for US technological containment against China.In response to the tightening US GPU export controls targeting China,NVIDIA has adopted a hedging strategy by lobbying the US government while simultaneously placating the Chinese market.This approach integrates strategic technology de-prioritization with the fortification of NVIDIA's ecosystem entrenchment.At the same time,it has sought to mitigate geopolitical risks by adjusting its manufacturing footprint and fostering industry ecological alliances.These actions,although temporarily allowing NVIDIA to retain part of the Chinese market and avoid policy risks,have in the long run accelerated China's domestic GPU substitution,undermined the stability of the global semiconductor supply chain,intensified strategic mistrust and the risks of"parallel systems"between China and the United States in the field of technology,and ultimately exerted profound negative effects on the evolution of the global technological governance system.This underscores the irreconcilable dilemma confronting technology giants in balancing the imperatives of national security with the dictates of global market integration.
作者
朱思思
崔莹佳
ZHU Sisi;CUI Yingjia(School of International Studies,Peking University,Beijing,100871;Zhou Enlai School of Government,Nankai University,Tianjin,300071)
出处
《国际安全研究》
北大核心
2026年第2期120-142,170,共24页
Journal of International Security Studies
基金
国家社会科学基金研究阐释党的二十届三中全会精神重大专项项目“反制裁、反干涉、反‘长臂管辖’的理论体系与制度保障研究”(项目编号:24ZDA102)
国家社会科学基金重大科研攻关项目“大国竞争、霸权护持与美国现代产业战略”(项目编号:25VMG008)的阶段性成果
山东省人才工程专项项目(项目编号:TSQN202507077)。
关键词
技术权力
大国战略竞争
英伟达
人工智能
制裁与反制裁
technological power
strategic competition
NVIDIA
artificial intelligence
sanctions and counter-sanctions
