摘要
西周中期执政大臣组织是由周王直接统辖之下的最高权力机构。据西周金文考察,其组织是由大师、大保、大傅等三公以及作册尹(或内史尹)、宰官、宗周六师和成周八师的冢司徒、冢司马以及五六个卿士等几个主要执政部门的主政大臣构成。表面上看,这几位执政大臣与《周礼》一书中六卿官职比较接近,但又与《周礼》所说的六卿构成有所不同。西周中期金文中大师、作册尹两种职官入职执政大臣行列不见于《周礼》的六卿组织。由于西周宗周有“西六师”,成周有“殷八师”或“成周八师”,故宗周冢司徒、宗周冢司马、成周冢司徒、成周冢司马皆有进入执政大臣组织的情况,这是西周中期官制的一个重要特点。西周中期执政大臣群体之下直接管辖着司徒、司马、司空的三司为其服务机构。
The organization of governing ministers in the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty was the supreme authority directly under the jurisdiction of the Zhou king.Based on an examination of Western Zhou bronze inscriptions,this organization was composed of the Sangong(三公),including the Dashi(大师),Dabao(大保),and Dafu(大傅);as well as the leading ministers of several major governing departments in the Western Zhou Dynasty,such as the Zuoceyin or Neishiyin(作册尹或内史尹),Zaiguan(宰官),Zhongsitu(冢司徒)and Zhongsima(冢司马)of the Zongzhou Six Divisions(宗周六师)and Chengzhou Eight Divisions(成周八师),and the six Left and Right Qingshi(左右卿士).On the surface,these governing ministers are somewhat similar to the Liu Qing(六卿)recorded in the Zhou Li(«周礼»),but there are differences in their composition.Two official positions mentioned in mid-Western Zhou bronze inscriptions—the Dashi and Zuoceyin—as members of the governing ministers,are not found in the Liu Qing organization of the Zhou Li.Additionally,since the Western Zhou Dynasty maintained the Western Six Divisions(西六师)in Zong Zhou and the Yin Eight Divisions(殷八师)or Chengzhou Eight Divisions in Cheng Zhou,the Zhongsitu and Zhongsima from both Zong Zhou and Cheng Zhou all had the opportunity to join the governing ministers’organization.This stands as a key feature of the official system in the mid-Western Zhou Dynasty.Directly under this group of governing ministers were the Sansi(三司)—Situ(司徒),Sima,(司马)and Sikong(司空)—which served as their administrative support agencies.
出处
《陕西师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》
北大核心
2026年第1期71-87,共17页
Journal of Shaanxi Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)
关键词
中央王朝官制
执政大臣
金文
三司
卿事寮
Western Zhou Dynasty
Governing Ministers
Bronze Inscriptions
Sansi
Qingshiliao
