摘要
2025年11月发生的中国香港大埔宏福苑五级特大火灾,以其空前的伤亡规模,成为拷问高密度城市安全治理体系的标志性事件。本文超越单纯的技术归因与责任追溯,构建了一个整合“制度—社会—技术”的分析框架,以系统解构这场灾难。研究发现,火灾的惨烈后果根植于多重治理失效的叠加:在制度层面,静态的、分割的监管体系与动态的、高风险的施工过程严重脱嵌,标准空白与执行梗阻为系统性违规提供了空间;在社会层面,高密度老旧社区固有的物理脆弱性,与居民风险认知不足、社区应急网络薄弱的社会脆弱性相互耦合,放大了灾害后果;在技术层面,传统以合规为导向的被动监管,无法应对新材料、新工艺与复杂城市环境交织形成的未知风险。本文认为,高密度城市的安全治理亟需一场根本性的范式转向,即从追求“静态合规”转向构建“动态韧性”。这要求建立覆盖工程全生命周期的风险管控体系,将“建筑体检”与“房屋全生命周期安全管理”制度化;推动智慧技术深度嵌入风险感知与应急决策;并最终通过培育社区社会资本与公民风险素养,夯实城市安全的基层韧性根基,走向“制度韧性”与“社会韧性”协同共治的新格局。
The Level 5 conflagration at Hong Kong’s Tai Po Hung Fuk Court in November 2025,with its unprecedented casualty scale,has become a landmark event interrogating the safety governance system of high-density cities.Moving beyond singular technical attribution and accountability tracing,this paper constructs an integrated"institutional-social-technical"analytical framework to systematically deconstruct this disaster.The study finds that the tragic consequences of the fire were rooted in the superposition of multiple governance failures.At the institutional level,a static and fragmented regulatory system was severely"disembedded"from the dynamic,high-risk construction process,with regulatory gaps and enforcement blockades providing space for systematic violations.At the social level,the inherent physical vulnerability of high-density old communities coupled with the"social vulnerability"characterized by insufficient risk awareness among residents and weak community emergency networks,amplifying the disaster impact-3-6.At the technical level,traditional compliance-oriented passive regulation proved inadequate to address the"unknown risks"arising from the interplay of new materials,new techniques,and complex urban environments.The paper argues that safety governance in high-density cities urgently requires a fundamental paradigm shift—from pursuing"static compliance"to building"dynamic resilience."This necessitates establishing a risk control system covering the entire lifecycle of construction projects,institutionalizing"building inspections"and"whole-life-cycle housing safety management";deeply embedding smart technologies into risk perception and emergency decision-making;and ultimately,strengthening the grassroots resilience foundation of urban safety by fostering community social capital and civic risk literacy,moving towards a new pattern of collaborative governance between"institutional resilience"and"social resilience."
作者
张梦晨
Zhang Mengchen(School of Liberal Arts,Macao University of Science and Technology,China)
关键词
高密度城市
公共安全治理
制度脱嵌
社会脆弱性
韧性城市
中国香港火灾
High-Density City
Public Safety Governance
Institutional Disembedding
Social Vulnerability
Resilient City
Hong Kong Fire
