摘要
气凝胶玻璃作为一种新型纳米多孔透明隔热材料,凭借其低密度、超低导热系数及高透光率等特性,在航空航天领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。通过溶胶-凝胶法结合超临界干燥或常压干燥技术,优化前驱体选择、老化改性及溶剂置换流程,可制备出兼具隔热、透光与轻量化特性的气凝胶玻璃材料。研究表明,块状气凝胶玻璃在极端温差(-200~1200℃)下仍能保持稳定性能,有效降低航天器舷窗热损失达20%以上,并能抵御微小碎片冲击;颗粒气凝胶玻璃则以低成本优势应用于对透明度要求不高的隔热层,其导热系数较传统中空玻璃降低51.43%。此外,气凝胶玻璃的多孔隙结构和高比表面积使其声学性能显著优于常规材料,适用于航空航天器的降噪需求。尽管气凝胶玻璃在规模化生产和透光率提升方面仍面临挑战,但其在空间探测器热防护、空间站观察窗等场景的成功应用证明了其巨大的应用潜能。
Aerogel glass,as a novel nanoporous transparent thermal insulation material,demonstrates significant application potential in the aerospace field due to its characteristics of low density,ultra-low thermal conductivity,and high light transmittance.By employing sol-gel methods combined with supercritical drying or ambient pressure drying techniques,and optimizing the precursor selection,aging modification,and solvent exchange processes,aerogel glass materials integrating thermal insulation,transparency,and lightweight properties can be prepared.Research shows that monolithic aerogel glass maintains stable performance under extreme temperature differences(-200°C to 1200°C),effectively reducing thermal loss in spacecraft windows by over 20%while resisting micro-debris impacts.Particulate aerogel glass,with its low-cost advantage,is applied in thermal insulation layers where high transparency is not required,with its thermal conductivity reduced by 51.43%compared to traditional hollow glass.Additionally,the multi-porous structure and high specific surface area of aerogel glass result in acoustic performance significantly superior to conventional materials,making it suitable for noise reduction in aerospace vehicles.Although challenges remain in large-scale production and further improvement of light transmittance,its successful applications in thermal protection for space probes and observation windows of space stations demonstrate substantial potential.
作者
王晨臣
陈倩宇
石书航
彭孝天
WANG Chenchen;CHEN Qianyu;SHI Shuhang;PENG Xiaotian(Aviation Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aero Electromechanical System Integration,Nanjing Engineering Institute of Aircraft Systems,Aviation Industry Corporation of China,Nanjing Jiangsu 211106,China;School of Mechanical and Power Engineering,Nanjing Tech University,Nanjing Jiangsu 211816,China)
出处
《海军航空大学学报》
2026年第1期121-135,共15页
Journal of Naval Aviation University
基金
航空科学基金(202300280T4002)。
关键词
航空航天
制备工艺
气凝胶玻璃
物理性能
aerospace
aerogel
preparation process
aerogel glass
physical properties
