摘要
《御制增订清文鉴》是清代第一部官修满汉双语辞书,该辞书满语词条中的汉语借词有保留、新增、替换、删除等四种情况。在主动适应和被动适应互动作用的宏观语言调控下,编修者使用直接适应、调试适应和分层适应三种适应性策略来修订借词,并进一步将调试适应策略细化出添加属格、转用“子”尾缀口语形式、单音节汉语古语词的缩合形式、延展性造词和增加类属名称等五种具体手段。从适应性策略的表现来看,适应性策略的选择与汉语词汇的音节数量有一定关联性。多种适应性策略的运用是汉语借词更好地融入满语词汇系统的客观需要,同时也受到语言自身发展、语言外部接触和语言政策宏观调控的三重影响。
This study takes Han i Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe(Yuzhi Zengding Qingwenjian),which is the first officially compiled Manchu-Chinese bilingual dictionary of the Qing Dy⁃nasty,as its corpus.This study summarizes four patterns of Chinese loanwords in the dictionary’s Manchu entries:retention,addition,replacement,and deletion.Under the macro-level linguistic regulation shaped by the interaction between active and passive adaptation,the compilers adopted three adaptive strategies,namely direct adaptation,adjustive adaptation,and statified adaptation,to revise these loanwords.Fur⁃thermore,the adjustive adaptation strategy was refined into five specific techniques,namely adding the genitive case marker,switching to colloquial forms with the suffix“-zi”,using contracted forms of mono⁃syllabic archaic Chinese words,extending word formation,and supplementing generic category labels.From the perspective of the manifestation of adaptive strategies,the selection of such strategies was partial⁃ly correlated with the syllable count of Chinese lexical items.The application of multiple adaptive strategies constituted an objective necessity for Chinese loanwords to be better integrated into the Manchu lexical sys⁃tem,while being jointly influenced by the inherent laws of linguistic development,external language con⁃tact and macro-level language policies.
作者
张瑶
王磊
ZHANG Yao;WANG Lei(School of History and Culture,Changchun Normal University,Changchun,Jilin 130032,China;School of Foreign Languages,Shenyang Ligong University,Shenyang,Liaoning 110159,China)
出处
《吉林师范大学学报(人文社会科学版)》
2026年第1期27-39,共13页
Journal of Jilin Normal University:Humanities & Social Science Edition
基金
国家社会科学基金重大项目(23&ZD315)
教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(22YJC740017)
湖南省哲学社会科学基金冷门绝学项目(21YBL001)。
关键词
《御制增订清文鉴》
满语词条
汉语借词
适应性策略
Han i Nonggime Toktobuha Manju Gisun i Buleku Bithe(Yuzhi Zengding Qingwenji⁃an)
Manchu entries
Chinese loanwords
adaptation strategies
