摘要
两宋时期是传统的村落共同体的衰落期,取而代之的是乡里共同体的兴起。村落共同体的衰落始于中唐以来的社会分化,由此造成地缘关系的疏离,表现为有组织的地缘互助关系的弱化。其中,除了局部地区存在传统的有组织的地缘互助外,民众自发的秘密会社与士大夫组织的乡约在一定程度上发挥了有组织的互助作用。不过,前者受到官方压制而无法成为主流,后者过于理想化而难以普及,这使得村落共同体的衰落难以避免。从北宋中期开始,在儒学复兴运动的推动下,重建地缘共同体成为士大夫构建理想社会秩序的必然选择。由此,乡里共同体得以兴起。这是一种建立在自发秩序基础上的共同体,乡居士人和具有绅化倾向的富民通过地缘慈善活动成为共同体的领导者。到南宋朱熹建立社仓,通过礼聘乡居士人为乡官,在管理社仓的同时,起到教化乡里、抑制富民、控制贫民的作用。由此,乡里共同体得以实现组织化扩展。
The Northern and Southern Song Dynasties saw the decline of traditional village communities,which were gradually replaced by township-village communities.The decline of village communities began with social differentiation since the mid-Tang period,leading to the alienation of geographical relations,manifesting as the weakening of organized geographical mutual-aid relations.In this context,aside from the persistence of traditional organized geographical mutual-aid in certain localized areas,spontaneous secret societies and the community compacts(xiangyue)organized by scholar-officials partially fulfilled the gap.However,the former was suppressed by the authorities and could not become mainstream,while the latter was too idealized to achieve widespread adoption,making the decline of village communities irreversible.From the mid-Northern Song Dynasty,driven by the Confucian revival movement,the reconstruction of geographical communities became an inevitable choice for scholar-officials in their pursuit of an ideal social order.Thus,the township-village community emerged,characterized by spontaneous order,in which rural dwelling scholar-genrty and rich people aspiring to gentry status became leaders through their geographical philanthropic activities.By the Southern Song Dynasty,Zhu Xi’s establishment of community granaries(she-cang),and the appointment of rural dwelling scholar-genrty as community officials,not only managed the granaries but also moralized the township-village,restrained the rich people,and controlled the poor people.Thus,the township-village communities achieved organizational expansion.
出处
《中原文化研究》
2026年第1期77-86,共10页
The Central Plains Culture Research
基金
国家社会科学基金一般项目“乡村事权演化与南宋乡里基层权力结构重塑研究”(25BZS030)。
关键词
宋朝
村落共同体
乡里共同体
the Song Dynasty
village community
township-village community
