摘要
高盐废水作为一种典型的难处理污染物,来源广泛且成分复杂,其不当排放会引发严峻的环境问题,推动其有效处理,对于实现清洁水安全与资源循环的可持续发展目标至关重要。本文综述了高盐废水处理领域的技术研究进展,重点分析了膜法分离、热法浓缩及新兴工艺的发展现状与瓶颈问题。膜法方面,阐述了反渗透及其衍生技术的发展现状,并指出了膜结垢与材料耐压性能等关键挑战;热法方面,介绍了多效蒸馏、多级闪蒸和机械蒸汽再压缩技术的应用现状,分析了其在零液体排放体系中的核心地位;此外,讨论了包括加湿除湿、膜蒸馏、电渗析、纳滤及太阳能蒸馏在内的新兴工艺,它们为高盐废水的高效减量与资源回收提供了新的技术路径。未来研究应聚焦于抗结垢膜材料开发、与可再生能源耦合及多工艺协同优化,以推动高盐废水处理技术向高效、低碳与资源化方向发展。
High-salinity wastewater is a typical yet difficult-to-treat pollutant with diverse sources and complex compositions.Its improper discharge can lead to serious environmental problems,and promoting its effective treatment is crucial for achieving sustainable goals related to water security and resource circularity.This paper reviews the technological advances in high-salinity wastewater treatment,with a focus on the development status and technical bottlenecks of membrane separation,thermal concentration,and emerging processes.In membrane-based technologies,recent progress in reverse osmosis and its derivative processes is summarized,highlighting that membrane fouling and the pressure-resistance limitations of membrane materials remain key challenges.For thermal-based methods,the applications of multi-effect distillation,multi-stage flash,and mechanical vapor recompression are reviewed,underscoring their central role in zero-liquid-discharge(ZLD)systems.Furthermore,emerging technologies such as humidification–dehumidification,membrane distillation,electrodialysis,nanofiltration,and solar evaporation are discussed,offering new technological pathways for efficient volume reduction and resource recovery from high-salinity wastewater.Future research should prioritize the development of anti-scaling membrane materials,the integration of renewable energy,and the collaborative optimization of multiple treatment processes to advance high-salinity wastewater treatment toward greater efficiency,lower carbon emissions,and enhanced resource recovery.
作者
张来豫
李中圣
杨传钧
NG Kim Choon
陈谦
ZHANG Laiyu;LI Zhongsheng;YANG Chuanjun;NG Kim Choon;CHEN Qian(Institute of Ocean Engineering,Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School,Shenzhen 518071,China;Biological and Environmental Science&Engineering(BESE)Division,King Abdullah University of Science and Technology,Thuwal 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia 22233)
出处
《水处理技术》
北大核心
2026年第1期1-12,共12页
Technology of Water Treatment
基金
国家自然科学基金(52406100)
广东省基础与运用基础研究基金(2023A1515240041,2025A1515011529)。
关键词
高盐废水
零液体排放
膜分离技术
热法浓缩
新兴工艺
high-salinity wastewater
zero liquid discharge(ZLD)
membrane separation technology
thermal concentration
emerging processes
