摘要
近代戏班、民国戏校、当代学校三种戏曲学员培养制度在生源、师徒经济关系、教学方式、课程内容及评价体系等方面均有较大区别。近代戏班制生源多为梨园世家或贫穷人家,戏曲在当时被视作贱业,戏曲学员不得不接受来自班主的打骂和经济上的盘剥。民国戏校形式上虽有别于戏班制,但本质上并未改变戏班制的教学理念和培养模式。新中国成立以后,戏曲从业者地位得以提高,自进入21世纪以来戏曲专业更是增加了文化课程比例。对比之下,戏班制下高强度的训练可以最大程度上提升学员的技术水平,但学员文化素质普遍偏低,这会影响到剧本整理和人物塑造;学校制下文化素养得到了提高,但又存在整体专业水平下滑、戏曲缺乏市场竞争意识等不足。现代学徒制是二者的折中之选,但仍需完善评价机制。
The training systems for opera students in modern troupes,Republican-era opera schools,and contemporary schools differ significantly in terms of student sources,master-apprentice economic relationships,teaching methods,curriculum contents,and evaluation systems.In modern troupes,students mostly came from opera families or poor households.At that time,opera was regarded as a lowly profession,and students had to endure physical abuse and economic exploitation from troupe leaders.Although Republican-era opera schools were formally different from the troupe system,they did not fundamentally change its teaching philosophy and training model.After the founding of the People's Republic of China,the status of opera practitioners improved,and since the 21st century,opera programs have further increased the proportion of cultural courses.Comparatively speaking,the high-intensity training in troupes can maximize students'professional skills,but their overall cultural literacy is generally low,which affects script compilation and character development;while under the school system,cultural literacy gets improved,but there are shortcomings such as an overall decline in professional skills,lack of market awareness in opera.The modern apprenticeship system represents a compromise between the two,but there is still a need to improve the evaluation mechanism.
作者
曾艳
ZENG Yan(Basic Teaching Department,Zhejiang Vocational Academy of Art,Hangzhou 310053,China)
出处
《美育学刊》
2026年第1期86-95,共10页
Journal of Aesthetic Education
基金
浙江省教育科学规划2024年度一般规划课题“戏曲形态与戏曲学员培养制度之关系研究”(2024SCG393)的成果。
关键词
戏曲学员培养
经济关系
教学内容与形式
评价体系
制度变化
training of opera students
economic relationships
teaching contents and methods
evaluation system
system changes
