摘要
清朝平定西域后,建立起中亚“藩属—朝贡”网络,哈萨克汗国成为中亚诸政权中与清朝政治互动最密切的对象。本文从“中央—周边”双向互动视角,考察了清朝与哈萨克汗国的政治联结及权力互动。乾隆三十七年(1772)哈萨克汗国使团的朝贡活动,既体现了清朝在朝贡体制下对中亚藩属的政治整合能力,也揭示了哈萨克汗国统治者借助朝贡体制谋求政治承认及生存安全的战略动机。清代朝贡体制不仅承载着礼仪性的外交功能,更是边疆治理的重要手段。在封贡环节的双向互动中,清廷通过加封哈萨克汗维系宗藩秩序,巩固对边疆的统治;哈萨克汗则借请封增强统治合法性,以应对内部权力竞争及俄罗斯的扩张。清—哈双方围绕边疆安定与权力合法性展开的互动,从一个侧面揭示了清朝边疆政治实践与中亚地缘政治格局的复杂态势,亦为理解清代朝贡体制的多重面向提供了具体观察角度。
Following the Qing dynasty's pacification of the Western Regions,a vassal-tributary network was established in Central Asia,making the Kazakh Khanate the most politically engaged Central Asian regime in its interactions with the Qing.This article,adopting a bidirectional center-periphery perspective,explores the political linkages and power interactions between the Qing and the Kazakh Khanate.The 1772 Kazakh tributary mission demonstrated not only the Qing's capacity for political integration of Central Asian vassals under the tributary system,but also revealed the strategic motives of the Kazakh rulers to seek political recognition and survival security through this system.The Qing's tributary system functioned not merely as ceremonial diplomacy but as a vital instrument of borderland governance.Through the bidirectional interactions of the tribute-investiture process,the Qing court reinforced the suzerain-vassal order and consolidated its rule over the borderlands,while Kazakh khans secured legitimacy to navigate internal power rivalries and resist Russian encroachment.This interaction between the Qing and the Kazakhs,centered on borderlands stability and ruling legitimacy,sheds light on the complex dynamics of the borderland political practices of Qing Dynasty and the geopolitical landscape of Central Asia,while offering a specific perspective for understanding the multifaceted nature of the Qing's tributary order.
作者
英卡尔·巴合朱力
Yingkaer Bahezhuli(School ofHistory and Culture,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081,China)
出处
《中央民族大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》
北大核心
2025年第5期145-155,共11页
Journal of Minzu University of China(Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition)
基金
国家社会科学基金“满、蒙、察合台史料所见清乾隆与中亚诸政权关系研究”(项目编号:23CZS044)。
关键词
清朝
边疆治理
哈萨克
朝贡
Qing
borderland governance
Kazakhs
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