摘要
2025年修改后的《治安管理处罚法》第136条确立了治安违法记录封存制度,旨在统一规范记录查询机制,防止非规范性评价造成不良后果。但作为唯一法源,其概括性规定可能引发封存范围和例外查询在条件上的理解不一,与行政管理秩序相冲突等风险。基于法秩序统一性原理,其规范逻辑应以违法行为性质为评价基础,在适用对象上坚持平等对待,在权益保障维度上一般应参照未成年人犯罪记录的封存标准,同时也需兼顾行政效能原则。宜以《个人信息保护法》作为规范依据,逐步向“宽封严用”的规范模式推进;对包括过程性、非执行性记录在内的信息应封尽封。基于法律保留和比例原则,应将查询范围限定于目的合法且内容紧密相关的限度内,并对性质恶劣、社会危害性较大的违法行为作适度区分对待,以实现社会防卫与个体权益保障的平衡。
The 2025 revision of Article 136 of the Public Security Administrative Punishments Law establishes a system for the sealing of offense records,aiming to unify and standardize record-access mechanisms and to prevent adverse consequences arising from non-normative evaluations.However,as the sole legal basis,its highly general wording may lead to divergent understandings regarding the scope of sealing and the conditions for exceptional access,and may even create tensions with the administrative regulatory order.In accordance with the principle of the unity of the legal order,the normative logic of the system should be grounded in the nature of the underlying offense,apply equally to all subjects,and—on the rights-protection dimension—generally draw on the sealing standards applicable to juvenile criminal records,while also taking into account the administrative-efficiency values inherent in sectoral legislation.The Personal Information Protection Law should serve as a complementary normative foundation,guiding a gradual transition toward a"broad sealing and restrained access"model.All information falling within the scope of offense records—including procedural and non-executory records—should be sealed to the fullest extent.Based on the principle of legality and the principle of proportionality,the scope of access should be confined to purposes that are legitimate and to information that is strictly relevant to the stated purpose,with appropriately differentiated treatment for offenses of particularly egregious nature or significant social harmfulness,so as to strike a proper balance between societal security needs and the protection of individual rights.
出处
《法学》
北大核心
2025年第12期55-72,共18页
Law Science
基金
江苏省社会科学基金重点项目“数字时代行政机关公开负面信息研究”(23FXA002)
江苏省研究生科研与实践创新计划项目“行政法视角下比例原则的本土化构建研究”(编号:KYCX22_0318)的研究成果。
关键词
违法记录封存
法秩序统一性
例外查询
个人信息保护
比例原则
sealing of offense records
unity of legal order
exceptional access
personal information protection
principle of proportionality
