摘要
清代前期始于1644年,终于1795年,历经四位皇帝,分别是顺治(1644—1661年)、康熙(1662—1722年)、雍正(1723—1735年)、乾隆(1736—1795年)。水灾多为季节性暴雨,且主要集中在夏季。辽河、松花江流域水灾频发,对农业生产与民生造成严重冲击,包括破坏水利设施、粮价上涨、房舍毁坏等。面对突发的水灾,政府实行防灾与救灾并举的措施,一方面采取灾前防御,以修建堤坝与仓储储备为核心;另一方面,灾害发生后,清廷即刻派专员勘灾,依据灾情等级调拨常平仓粮进行救济,官府组织灾民修复堤坝,同时推行以工代赈,既解决灾民生计又推进工程。同时也会采取蠲免、缓征等措施进行救济,不仅帮助灾民尽快恢复生产,还对稳定社会秩序等方面起到积极作用。
The early Qing Dynasty began in 1644 and ended in 1795,spanning the reigns of four emperors:Shunzhi(1644—1661),Kangxi(1662—1722),Yongzheng(1723—1735),Qianlong(1736—1795).Floods at that time were mostly seasonal heavy rains,mainly in summer.The Liao River and Songhua River basins were frequently hit by floods,causing severe impacts on agricultural production and people’s livelihoods,including damage to water conservancy facilities,rising grain prices,and destruction of houses.In response to sudden floods,the government implemented measures that combined disaster prevention and relief.The government took measures on pre-disaster defense,by mainly constructing embankments and the storage of grain reserves.After a disaster occurred,the Qing court immediately dispatched special commissioners to assess the damage and allocated grain from the granaries based on the severity of the disaster for relief.The government organized disaster victims to repair embankments and implemented work-for-relief programs,which not only provided for the livelihoods of the victims but also advanced construction projects.At the same time,such measures as tax exemptions and deferred tax collection were adopted for relief,which not only helped disaster victims resume production quickly but also played a positive role in stabilizing social order and other aspects.
作者
白星昱
Bai Xingyu(Institute of History,Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences,Harbin 150028,China)
出处
《黑河学院学报》
2026年第1期19-22,43,共5页
Journal of Heihe University
关键词
清代前期
水灾
东北
赈济
蠲免
Early Qing Dynasty
fl oods
northeast China
relief
tax exemption
