摘要
孔子面对各诸侯国统治阶层内部父子、兄弟互相残杀和君臣、上下、贵贱秩序崩解的礼坏乐崩局面,从传统思想文化资源中捻出"仁"的概念,作为重建礼乐秩序的内在情感基础和价值自觉意识,以仁释礼是孔子思想的根本特征.孔子为礼植入仁的价值,核心是克己、修己,建立践礼的自觉性.但在仁学的建构过程中,孔子开掘出了爱人的意涵.后人多将孔子的"仁"理解为泛爱众人,但从《论语》和先秦学术思想发展线索来看,"仁"更多地延续了周人的成德意识、亲亲原则和保民传统,呈现为仁者自爱、孝悌为仁之本和为政者爱民三层意涵.《论语》中出现的"爱人",主要指的是为政者识别、举用、蓄养贤人,同时包容、教化不善不能者,使之成贤向善.这虽然具有爱人的意涵,但远不是后来所谓的博爱或超越血缘亲情关系的对他人的怜悯、关照乃至救济,这一思想是经过墨家大肆鼓吹兼爱之后才成为一种社会思潮的.在墨家兼爱思想的刺激下,孟子发展了仁爱的爱人面向,将亲亲之爱与怜悯之爱或不忍人之爱结合起来,发展出了世所公认的具有差等和扩充意涵的"爱人"思想.
In the context of the collapse of ritual and music,Confucius faced the mutu-al killing of father and son and brothers within the clan,as well as the collapse of the order of monarchs,subjects,superiors,and nobles within the ruling class.He excavated the con-cept of"benevolence"from traditional ideological and cultural resources,which serves as the internal emotional foundation and value consciousness for rebuilding the order of ritual and music.The fundamental characteristic of Confucius'thought is to interpret ritual with be-nevolence.Confucius implanted the value of benevolence into ritual,with the core is self re-straint and self-cultivation,and established a conscious awareness of practicing etiquette.But in the process of constructing the theory of benevolence,Confucius excavated the meaning of loving others.Many later generations understood Confucius'"benevolence"as"universal love for others.".However,from the Analectsthe and the development clues of pre-Qin aca-demic thought,it can be seen that Confucius'"benevolence"more continues the Zhou people's moral consciousness,the principle of kinship,and the tradition of protecting the people,presenting three layers of meaning:benevolence is self love,filial piety is the foun-dation of benevolence,and rulers love the people.The saying"benevolent people love oth-ers"in the Analects mainly refers to rulers identifying,selecting,and nurturing wise peo-ple,while also accommodating and educating those who are not good and cannot,so as to make them virtuous and virtuous.Although this carries the meaning of loving others,it is far from what later became known as universal love,mutual love,or compassion,care,and even relief for others beyond kinship.Under the stimulation of the Mohist philosophy of mutu-al love,Mencius developed a benevolent aspect of loving others,combining the love of kin-ship with the love of pity or unbearable love,and developed the universally recognized idea of"loving others"with differential and expanded meanings.
出处
《国学论衡》
2024年第2期138-154,共17页
关键词
孔子
仁者爱人
博施济众
尊贤容众
Confucius
Benevolent People Love Others
Widespread Alms and Relief for the People
Respecting Wise People and Accommodating Everyone
