摘要
集运鱼系统作为解决高坝过鱼难题的新兴型式,于21世纪初开始应用于我国部分高水头电站,但相关工程集鱼效果却鲜有报道。乌东德水电站首创尾水口集鱼方案,建设了集运鱼系统帮助鱼类洄游。本研究基于乌东德集运鱼系统2021-2023年集获鱼类数据,采用多样性指数、相对重要性指数、个体生态学矩阵和Ward聚类等方法分析集获鱼类特点,对比环境影响评价及设计阶段相关要求,初步评价乌东德集运鱼系统集鱼效果。2021-2023年,乌东德集运鱼系统集获鱼类52种,共95281尾。统计分析表明:(1)10种主次要过鱼对象全部集获,其中金沙鲈鲤(Percocypris pingi)平均规格最大。(2)集获的圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)、长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)、中华金沙鳅(Jinshaia sinensis)、长薄鳅(Leptobotia elongata)和裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)鱼类分别以4、3、6、4和4龄为主。(3)集获鱼类多样性指数总体处于一般水平,群落结构相对简单。(4)集获鱼类中优势种为(Hemiculter leucisculus)、中华沙鳅(Botia superciliaris)和泉水鱼(Pseudogyrinocheilus procheilus),3种优势种优势程度达87.3%。(5)物种层面上,集获鱼类中粘沉性卵、定居型为主要生态类群,喜流特征以急流型鱼类为主,缓流型鱼类亦占一定比例。(6)Ward聚类分析发现,集鱼数量最多的7月和8月单独为两个聚类,其他月份为一个聚类,季节性差异明显。总体而言,乌东德集运鱼系统帮助江段大部分鱼类物种洄游,未出现不同个体规格的选择性集诱鱼,初步判断集获的主次要过鱼对象大都为达到初次性成熟年龄的潜在繁殖群体。部分主次要过鱼对象的集获月份与环境影响评价及设计阶段提出的繁殖时间相比存在滞后或提前现象,但集获鱼类组成变化基本符合设计阶段预测。与同类型过鱼设施相比,乌东德集运鱼系统利用发电尾水诱鱼效果较好,为消减电站的阻隔影响发挥了积极作用。后续需进一步优化集运鱼系统运行方式,加强相关监测,科学、合理地综合评价集运鱼系统有效性,促进金沙江下游连通性恢复。
The fish collection and transportation system was first implemented in China in the early 21st century at several high-head hydropower stations as an emerging solution to address fish passage challenges in high dams.Nevertheless,the extant literature on the effectiveness of this approach is inconclusive.The Wudongde Hydropower Station on the Jinsha River initiated a pioneering initiative in the form of a tailrace outlet fish collection scheme,meticulously constructing a comprehensive fish collection and transportation system to facilitate fish migration.This study utilized the diversity index,the index of relative importance,the fish autecology matrix,and Ward clustering to analyze the characteristics of fish collected from the Wudongde fish collection and transportation system from 2021 to 2023.The results were compared with environmental impact assessment and design requirements to provide a preliminary evaluation of the system's efficacy.During the period of 2021-2023,the Wudongde fish collection and transportation system amassed a total of 95281 individuals from 52 distinct fish species.The statistical analyses yielded the following findings:(1)The collection of all 10 main and secondary fish passing objects was successful,with Percocypris pingi exhibiting the largest average size.(2)The collected specimens of Coreius guichenoti,Rhinogobio ventralis,Jinshaia sinensis,Leptobotia elongata,and Schizothoracinae fishes were primarily 4-year-old,3-year-old,6-year-old,4-year-old,and 4-year-old,respectively.(3)The indices of fish diversity indicated moderate overall diversity and a relatively simple community structure.(4)The dominant species included Hemiculter leucisculus,Botia superciliaris,and Pseudogyrinocheilus procheilus,collectively accounting for 87.3%of the total catch.At the species level,sticky and demersal eggs were predominant.(5)At the species level,sticky and demersal eggs,settlement were predominant.The lotic type species dominated,but the lentic type also comprised a notable proportion.(6)Ward's clustering method revealed significant seasonal variations,with July and August exhibiting distinct clusters due to the high collection volumes observed during these months.Conversely,other months were grouped into a separate cluster.The Wudongde fish collection and transportation system facilitated migration for the majority of fish species in the river section,with no size-selective bias observed.Preliminary assessment suggests that the majority of the main and secondary fish passing objects collected are potential breeding populations that have reached the age of first sexual maturity.In comparison with the stipulated breeding time that was outlined during the environmental impact assessment and design stage,the collection month of certain fish specimens has been postponed or advanced.The alteration in fish composition is largely consistent with the predictions made during the design stage.A comparison of the Wudongde fish collection and transportation system with analogous fish passage facilities reveals its superior efficacy.This is attributable to the utilization of a turbine tailwater for fish attraction,which serves to effectively mitigate the barrier effects of the hydropower station.Subsequent endeavors must focus on optimizing system operations,enhancing monitoring,and conducting scientific evaluations to ascertain the effectiveness of these measures.This will facilitate the restoration of connectivity in the lower Jinsha River.
作者
杨科
夏利名
陈志伟
范向军
张地继
高玉磊
段正全
程林
格宇轩
Yang Ke;Xia Liming;Chen Zhiwei;Fan Xiangjun;Zhang Diji;Gao Yulei;Duan Zhengquan;Cheng Lin;Ge Yuxuan(China Three Gorges Corporation,Wuhan 430010,P.R.China;Hubei Key Laboratory of Operation Safety of High Dam and Large Reservoir,Yichang 443133,P.R.China)
出处
《湖泊科学》
北大核心
2026年第1期290-301,I0042,I0043,共14页
Journal of Lake Sciences
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFC3204200)
中国长江三峡集团自主科研项目(NBYG202200462)联合资助。
关键词
过鱼设施
乌东德水电站
集运鱼系统
集鱼效果
鱼类多样性
Fish passage facilities
Wudongde Hydropower Station
fish collection and transportation system
fish collection effectiveness
fish diversity
