摘要
宋人的“寒士”观念包括“寒士之学”与“寒士之德”两个方面。就前者而言,柳开、尹洙等强调“古文”“儒术”为“寒士之学”,是在科场中辞章之学盛行、古文受到轻视的语境中言说的;而欧阳修、苏轼等人类似“诗书学问若寒士”的表述,主要建立在“子弟纨绔”与“寒士好学”的社会观感上,强调寒士的文化修养要远高于子弟。至于后者,人们将“以清约自持”“自奉养若寒士”“乐施与”视为“寒士之德”的主要内容并作为士大夫、皇亲贵戚的德行典范。“以清约自持”体现了部分士大夫对官场内奔竞之风的自觉抵制,“自奉养若寒士”与士大夫“居清贫而守道”的意识相吻合,“乐施与”则与宋初寒士科场生存策略有关。
The concept of"poor scholars"in the Song Dynasty includes two aspects:"the study of poor scholars"and"the virtue of Poor scholars".In terms of the former,Liu Kai,Yin Zhu,and oth⁃ers emphasized that"ancient style prose"and"Confucianism"were"the study of the poor scholars",speaking in the context of the prevalence of the study of rhetoric and the contempt for ancient style prose;The statements made by Ouyang Xiu,Su Shi,and others,such as"Learning and cultivating as a poor scholar",are mainly based on the social perception of"children of privileged individuals be⁃ing dandy"and"poor scholars being eager to learn",emphasizing that the cultural cultivation of poor scholars should be far superior than children of privileged individuals.As for the latter,people re⁃gard"maintain a humble and simple character","nurturing oneself like a poor scholar",and"being generous"as the main content of"the virtue of a poor scholar"and serve as a model of virtue for lite⁃rati,imperial relatives,and nobles.The concept of"maintain a humble and simple character"re⁃flects the conscious resistance of some literati to the trend of competition in the officialdom.The con⁃cept of"nurturing oneself as a poor scholar"is consistent with the literati's consciousness of"living in poverty and guarded by the Way",while the concept of"being generous"is related to the survival strategy of poor scholars in the early Song Dynasty's imperial examination.
出处
《南京师范大学文学院学报》
2025年第3期62-71,共10页
Journal of School of Chinese Language and Culture Nanjing Normal University
基金
国家社科基金一般项目“‘交游文录’与宋季元初的文学生态研究”(编号:22BZW084)。
关键词
时代语境
宋代
“寒士”观念
生成
Times context
Song Dynasty
the concept of“Poor Scholar”
generation
