摘要
我国现行法并没有明确赋权消费者协会和检察机关在消费民事公益诉讼中提出赔偿性请求。除了否定性案例,主流裁判规则承认赔偿性请求权,但诉权配置的逻辑各不相同。一种认为赔偿性请求属于消费民事公益诉讼的固有诉权,在技术上通过公益诉讼原告主体资格与赔偿性请求当事人适格的等同,以及对实体法依据的目的解释来实现;另一种认为赔偿性请求的实体依据是分散的消费者的群体性权益,公益诉讼将这些权益公益化乃至国有化;还有一种则通过略式的申请审查程序在具体受害消费者之间分配诉讼后赔偿金,以此确立赔偿性消费民事公益诉讼的实质合法性。解释论始终无法对赔偿性消费民事公益诉讼诉权的合法性自圆其说。在制度层面,可以采取法定诉讼担当的方式让消费者协会或者检察机关获得集合性消费赔偿请求的诉权,赔偿金的使用应该兼顾特定消费者权益的保护和消费公益的普遍性保护。基于法秩序统一性原理,应该确立行政责任和刑事责任阻却公益性赔偿责任成立的规则。
China's current law does not expressly authorize consumer associations or procuratorates to raise compensatory claims in consumer civil public interest litigation.Apart from some negative precedents,mainstream judicial practice generally recognizes such claims,but the underlying logic for the allocation of the right of action varies.One view holds that compensatory claims are an inherent component of the cause of action in consumer public interest litigation.Technically,this approach equates the plaintiff's standing in public interest litigation with the qualification to seek compensation,and it relies on a purposive interpretation of the substantive legal basis to justify this equivalence.A second view regards the substantive basis for compensatory claims as the collective interests of dispersed consumers,which public interest litigation transforms into public-or even state interests.A third approach employs a simplified post-judgment application and review process to distribute compensation funds among specific affected consumers,thereby asserting the substantive legitimacy of compensatory consumer public interest litigation.Doctrinal interpretation,however,has never fully reconciled the legitimacy of granting such compensatory standing.Institutionally,this issue could be resolved through a system of statutory procedural representation,under which consumer associations or procuratorates are vested with the right to bring aggregate compensatory claims on behalf of consumers.The use of compensation funds should balance the protection of specific consumers'rights with the broader goal of safeguarding the public interest in consumer protection.Based on the principle of the unity of the legal order,rules should also be established to preclude the imposition of compensatory public interest liability where administrative or criminal liability has already been imposed.
出处
《中外法学》
北大核心
2025年第6期1619-1637,共19页
Peking University Law Journal
基金
国家社科基金重大项目“中国特色公益诉讼现代化的理论创新与实现机制研究”(项目编号:23&ZD164)的阶段性研究成果。
关键词
民事公益诉讼
消费者
赔偿性诉讼请求
集合性救济
诉权
Civil Public Interest Litigation
Consumers
Compensatory Claims
CollectiveRedress
Right of Action
