摘要
《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》第43条明确抵销权可通过抗辩的方式行使,却未对诉讼抵销的性质与功能运作进行具体回应。诉讼抵销存在反诉与抗辩的二元路径,我国也承认抵销权可通过抗辩或反诉的方式行使,但未深刻认识到诉讼抵销的特殊性。诉讼抵销是一种具有独立性的制度变体,是介于抗辩与反诉二者之间的一种中间状态。在实体基础方面,诉讼抵销的实体构造与民法抵销保持一致,诉讼抵销的性质论应采私法行为说,诉讼抵销应被理解为仅限于抗辩的方式。在程序应对方面,诉讼抵销需要遵循类似于反诉的处理方式,并不遵循抗辩的程序规则。诉讼抵销的审理规则、审级利益、法律效力与诉讼费用等内容不同于普通的抗辩,而与反诉的处理更为相近。此外,诉讼抵销还可根据反诉的法理与民法抵销、反诉等制度进行主动互动,或在原告撤诉中与其他抵销权行使方式进行被动互动。
Article 43 of the Minutes of the National Courts'Civil and Commercial Trial Work Conference explicitly states that the right of set-off can be exercised through a defense,yet it does not provide a definitive answer regarding the nature and function of set-off in civil litigation.A dual path of counterclaim and defense exists.China acknowledges that the right of set-off can be exercised through defense or counterclaim,yet it fails to deeply recognize the distinctive nature.Set-off in civil litigation represents an independent system variant,situated between the defense and counterclaim.With regard to its substantive basis,the entity structure of set-off in civil litigation is consistent with that of civil set-off.The nature of set-off in civil litigation should therefore be based on private law act,and set-off in civil litigation should be understood as a method of defense.In terms of procedural response,the set-off in civil litigation should be conducted in accordance with the same procedural rules as a counterclaim,rather than the procedural rules of defense.The procedural rules,the interest of the trial level,the legal effect,and the litigation cost in set-off in civil litigation are distinct from those of ordinary defense,yet more analogous to the treatment of counterclaims.And set-off in civil litigation can also actively interact with civil set-off and counterclaim according to the legal theory of counterclaim,or passively interact with other ways in the withdrawal of the plaintiff.
作者
林洧
LIN Wei(School of Law,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)
出处
《河北法学》
北大核心
2026年第2期178-200,共23页
Hebei Law Science
基金
最高人民法院2022年度司法研究重大课题“涉港澳台民事诉讼程序的特别规则研究”(ZGFYZXWTKT202203-01)
中国人民大学2025年度拔尖创新人才培育资助计划的研究成果。
关键词
诉讼抵销
抗辩
反诉
私法行为
程序选择权
set-off in civil litigation
defense
counterclaim
legal acts
procedure selection rights
