摘要
《外国国家豁免法》第21条确立的对等原则,构建了一套“反制—矫正”法律制度,为应对他国对我国国家豁免权的不当限制提供了法律依据。当前,适用标准不清是制约该制度功能有效发挥的核心障碍。为突破此困境,亟需从理论定位、实质标准、行为边界及外交介入四个维度入手,系统阐释对等原则的理论内涵并探索其实施路径。对等原则的核心在于实现权利义务均衡,而非简单报复。“实质效果不对等”是该原则司法适用的前提。在具体案件中,为确保我国反制措施的国际合法性,法院应援引国际责任法界定其行为边界;同时,为协调司法权与外交权的行使,法院对外交部门就“豁免待遇是否一致”所作的事实认定应予以尊重,以在个案公正与国家整体利益间寻求平衡。
Article 21 of the Foreign State Immunity Law of the People's Republic of China,which establishes the principle of reciprocity,creates a"countermeasure-correction"mechanism that provides China a legal tool to respond to improper restrictions on its state immunity.However,the judicial application of the reciprocity principle is constrained by the lack of clear standards.Therefore,it is necessary to deeply analyze the theoretical basis and practical approach of the reciprocity clause from four dimensions:jurisprudential positioning,substantive standards,boundaries of action,and power distribution.The principle of reciprocity,originating from international law,is fundamentally distinct from mere retribution.Its judicial application should be premised on an actual asymmetry of effects,rather than a rigid adherence to formal symmetry at the normative level.In specific cases,to ensure the legitimacy of China's reciprocal measures,the people's courts should refer to the law of state responsibility.Meanwhile,achieving a rational distribution of judicial and diplomatic powers,the people's courts should accept the final decision on"consistency in immunity treatment"made by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
出处
《法学》
北大核心
2025年第11期179-192,共14页
Law Science
基金
2024年国家社会科学基金青年项目“外国国家豁免法适用标准和程序建构”(项目编号:24FXC02727)的阶段性成果。
关键词
《外国国家豁免法》
对等原则
国际责任法
司法适用
反制措施
foreign state immunity law
the principle of reciprocity
the law of state responsibility
judicial application
reciprocal measures
