摘要
内蒙古准格尔旗二长渠墓群出土汉代金属器包含铜器和铅器两种材质。经成分检测的13件金属器中12件为铅锡青铜,另1件为纯铅器。铅同位素比值分析的14件样品中,柿蒂花与铺首使用C_(2)类铅,属于西汉时期广泛使用的一类铅资源类型,铅片则属于一种特殊的C类铅;铜镜使用A类铅,该器可能为贸易等方式流入。分析结果有助于增进对西汉时期北方草原地区金属器制作工艺的理解,为探讨西汉时期北方草原地区与中原地区的互动关系提供了线索。
This study presents a comprehensive archaeometallurgical analysis of fourteen Han dynasty metal artifacts unearthed from the Erchangqu cemetery in Zhunge'er Banner,Inner Mongolia.The site,excavated as part of a rescue project in coordination with mining development,yields a variety of bronze items from vertical shaft pit burials dated to the mid-to-late Western Han period.Artifacts selected for analysis include ten calyx flower ornaments,two animal-head terminals,one bronze mirror,and one lead sheet,covering the full range of metal objects recovered from the site.Previous scientific studies on Han dynasty bronze objects have predominantly focused on high-status tombs and major urban centers in the Central Plains,with relatively little attention paid to the technical characteristics of bronzes from frontier regions such as the northern steppe.This research seeks to address this gap by investigating the technological attributes and raw material sources of the Erchangqu artifacts through metallographic observation,chemical composition analysis,and lead isotope ratio measurements.The results show that all bronze artifacts,including the ten calyx flower ornaments and two animal-head terminals,are cast using lead-tin bronze and display varying degrees of post-casting thermal homogenization.The single lead sheet is composed of nearly pure lead.Lead isotope analysis reveals that twelve of the fourteen artifacts employ Type C_(2) lead,a signature isotope group widely observed in Han dynasty bronzes from Central Plains sites such as Chang'an,Linzi,and Xinxiang.This suggests the importation of leaded copper materials or finished goods into the northern frontier through established exchange networks.More specifically,the isotopic profiles of the calyx flower ornaments and animal-head terminals closely match the geochemical signatures of the polymetallic deposits in Luanchuan,western Henan,particularly those in the eastern Qinling orogenic belt.In contrast,they show significant distinction from the lead isotopic characteristics of ores found in the nearby Yinshan region of Inner Mongolia.This correlation implies a strong link between metal supply chains in the Central Plains and the steppe frontier during the Western Han period.However,it remains uncertain whether the transferred materials are raw metal ingots,semi-finished products,or completed artifacts.The bronze mirror(M6∶3)features a"Zhaoming"design motif common in the late Western Han to Xin period and is the only artifact using Type A lead.Similar lead isotopic signatures have been associated with deposits in southeastern Hubei and northern Jiangxi.This pattern,combined with stylistic and distributional evidence,indicates that the mirror likely arrived in the steppe via trade or cultural transmission mechanisms.The predominance of calyx flower ornaments-objects with distinctly Han-style decorative characteristics-underscores the strong influence of Central Plains culture on local burial practices.This type of decoration,derived from a persimmon calyx motif,was widely used in Han dynasty coffins and ceremonial contexts.Morphologically,the Erchangqu specimens fall into two types,with all analyzed samples belonging to the elongated-petal variant.Their presence,alongside similar examples from other regions including Ejin Banner and the Southwest,reflects the broader geographic spread of Han mortuary iconography.The lead sheet(M3∶9),recovered from the side of the coffin chamber,likely serves a ritual or apotropaic function.Parallels from other Han tombs suggest that such objects may have functioned as symbolic grave tokens("mingqian")or protective implements in the context of evolving Daoist funerary practices.The selective placement of this lead piece suggests a localized variation of a broader burial tradition.Overall,the scientific analysis of the Erchangqu cemetery bronzes reveals both technological continuity with Han dynasty metallurgy and clear evidence of material and cultural interaction between the Central Plains and the steppe periphery.These findings contribute to a more nuanced understanding of the technological and cultural interactions between the northern frontier and Han core regions,highlighting the role of metal artifacts as material vectors of interregional connectivity during the Western Han period.
作者
欧阳顺
宋国栋
信泽民
郁永彬
OUYANG Shun;SONG Guodong;XIN Zemin;YU Yongbin(School of Archaeology and Museology,Jingdezhen Ceramic University,Jingdezhen 333403,Jiangxi,China;Inner Mongolia Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology,Hohhot 010011,China;Center for Archaeological Research,National Cultural Heritage Administration,Beijing 100009,China)
出处
《有色金属(冶炼部分)》
北大核心
2026年第1期174-183,共10页
Nonferrous Metals(Extractive Metallurgy)
基金
国家社会科学基金重点项目(22FKGA001)
中国博士后科学基金第74批面上项目(2023M740668)。
关键词
冶金考古
二长渠墓群
青铜器
铅同位素比值
archaeometallurgy
Erchangqu cemetery
bronze artifacts
lead isotope ratios
