摘要
研究施肥与钾肥用量处理对棉花产量效益、养分吸收、肥料利用率的影响,探究供试棉田施肥的产量效益和适宜施钾量,为新疆乌苏市棉花合理施肥提供依据。2023和2024年在新疆乌苏市头台乡棉花试验基地开展田间定位试验,共设7个处理:N_(2)P_(2)K_(2),施肥量为N 240 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)101 kg/hm^(2)、K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2);N_(0)P_(2)K_(2),N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)施肥基础上不施氮肥;N_(2)P_(0)K_(2),N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)施肥基础上不施磷肥;N_(2)P_(2)K_(0),N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)施肥基础上不施钾肥;N_(2)P_(2)K_(1)、N_(2)P_(2)K_(3)、N_(2)P_(2)K4处理钾肥用量分别为N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理的0.5、1.5、2倍,氮肥、磷肥用量与N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)相同。结果表明,N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)处理较N_(0)P_(2)K_(2)、N_(2)P_(0)K_(2)、N_(2)P_(2)K_(0)处理两年平均产量分别显著增加36.93%、30.71%、29.50%,增收15439、13515和12924元/hm^(2)。棉花氮、磷、钾肥表观利用率分别为40.86%、21.35%和49.65%,农学效率分别为9.47、19.62和15.99 kg/kg,偏生产力分别为35.10、83.45和70.20 kg/kg。当施氮、磷、钾肥用量分别为N 240 kg/hm^(2)、P_(2)O_(5)101 kg/hm^(2)和K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2)时,每形成100 kg籽棉需吸收氮、磷、钾素分别为3.90、0.59、4.58 kg。当施钾量为0~120 kg/hm^(2)时,棉花产量、产值和纯收益随着施钾量的增加显著增加,当施钾量>120 kg/hm^(2)时,随着施钾量的增加棉花产量、产值和纯收益影响不显著。棉花钾肥表观利用率随着施钾量的增加,呈先增后减的趋势;农学效率和偏生产力呈递减趋势,当施钾量为120 kg/hm^(2)时,钾肥表观利用率最高。根据钾肥效应方程得出,两年平均最高产量施钾量和最佳经济施钾量分别为126.18和120.78 kg/hm^(2),对应产量分别为8358和8355 kg/hm^(2)。采用最佳经济钾肥用量在保证棉花不减产的条件下(为最高产量的99.96%),可节约钾肥4.27%。综上所述,施用氮、磷、钾肥可以显著增加棉花养分吸收量,从而提高棉花产量,提升经济效益。施用氮、磷、钾肥增产率分别为36.93%、30.71%、29.50%。施钾能够显著提高棉花养分吸收和肥料利用率,达到棉花增产增收的效果。综合考虑两年试验结果,推荐当地棉田适宜施钾量为120.78 kg/hm^(2),具有可操作性。建议未来可以补充长期定位试验或跨区域验证研究,以探究连年施钾对土壤钾库的影响和不同区域对钾肥推荐用量的适用性。
This experiment studied the influence of fertilization and potassium fertilizer dosage treatments on cotton yield and benefit,nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization rate,and explored the yield,benefit and appropriate potassium application of fertilization in test cotton fields,so as to provide a basis for rational fertilization of cotton in Wusu city.In 2023 and 2024,field positioning experiments were carried out in the cotton test base in Toutai township,Wusu city,Xinjiang.Seven treatments were set up,including N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)(N 240 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)101 kg/hm^(2)and K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2));N_(0)P_(2)K_(2)(N 0 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)101 kg/hm^(2)and K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2));N_(2)P_(0)K_(2)(N 240 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)0 kg/hm^(2)and K_(2)O 120 kg/hm^(2));N_(2)P_(2)K_(0)(N 240 kg/hm^(2),P_(2)O_(5)101 kg/hm^(2)and K_(2)O 0 kg/hm^(2));The amount of potash fertilizer used in N_(2)P_(2)K_(1),N_(2)P_(2)K_(3)and N_(2)P_(2)K4 treatments were 0.5,1.5 and 2 times that of N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)treatment,respectively,while the amount of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer was the same as that in N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)treatment.Compared with the N_(0)P_(2)K_(2),N_(2)P_(0)K_(2)and N_(2)P_(2)K_(0)treatments,the two-year average yield and income of N_(2)P_(2)K_(2)treatment were significantly increased by 36.93%,30.71%,29.50%and 15439,13515 and 12924 Yuan/hm^(2),respectively.The apparent utilization rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer by cotton were 40.86%,21.35%and 49.65%,respectively,agricultural efficiency was 9.47,19.62 and 15.99 kg/kg,respectively;partial productivity was 35.10,83.45 and 70.20 kg/kg,respectively.When the application rates of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were 240,101 and 120 kg/hm^(2),respectively,the amount of nitrogen,phosphorus,and potassium absorbed per 100 kg of seed cotton was 3.90,0.59 and 4.58 kg for each 100 kg of seed cotton,respectively.When the potassium amount was 0-120 kg/hm^(2),the yield,output and net income were increased significantly with the increase of potassium application,and when the potassium amount was higher than 120 kg/hm^(2),the effect was not significant.The apparent utilization rate of the agricultural efficiency and partial productivity were decreased when the amount of potassium was 120 kg/hm^(2).According to the potassium fertilizer effect equation,the maximum annual average yield was 126.18 and 120.78 kg/hm^(2),respectively,and the corresponding yield was 8358 and 8355 kg/hm^(2),respectively.The optimal amount of potash fertilizer could save 4.27%under the condition of ensuring no cotton yield reduction(99.96%of the highest yield).The application of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were significantly increased the amount of cotton nutrients,thus increasing cotton yield and improving economic benefits.The yield increase rate of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was 36.93%,30.71%and 29.50%,respectively.Potassium application significantly improved cotton nutrient absorption and fertilizer utilization rate,and achieved the effect of increasing cotton production and income.Considering the results of the two-year experiment,it was recommended that the suitable potassium application rate of the local cotton field was 120.78 kg/hm^(2),which was operable.It was suggested that long-term positioning experiments or cross-regional validation studies could be supplemented in the future to explore the effects of continuous potassium application on soil potassium pool and the applicability of recommended potassium fertilizer dosages in different regions.
作者
田梦菊
张炎
哈丽哈什·依巴提
李春平
樊林鑫
周韩笑
李士渊
吴晨雪
邝玲艳
朱杰
TIAN Meng-ju;ZHANG Yan;HALIHASHI Yibati;LI Chun-ping;FAN Lin-xin;ZHOU Han-xiao;LI Shi-yuan;WU Chen-xue;KUANG Ling-yan;ZHU Jie(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi Xinjiang 830091;School of Resources and Environment,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi Xinjiang 830052;Economic Crop Research Institute,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi Xinjiang 830091;Key Laboratory of Agriculture and Agriculture,Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Urumqi Xinjiang 830091)
出处
《中国土壤与肥料》
北大核心
2025年第11期50-60,共11页
Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China
基金
农田智慧施肥项目(05)
农业农村部荒漠绿洲作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室开放课题(25107020-202104)。
关键词
棉花
施肥
钾肥用量
产量效益
养分吸收
肥料利用率
cotton
fertilization
potash fertilizer
yield benefit
nutrient absorption
fertilizer utilization
