摘要
随着农业规模化种植的快速推进,高速、高效、高精度播种已成为玉米产量和经济效益协同提升的关键技术措施。现有排种器播种精度随着作业速度升高急剧下降,难以满足高速作业需求。针对气压式玉米精量排种器在作业速度超过12 km/h时,存在充种不充分与投种位置不一致等问题,本文提出扰种槽结构以增强种群流动性、降低充种阻力,提升充种性能;设计集卡种清除与主动推种功能于一体的推种机构,实现对卡滞种子的有效清除及投种位置的精准控制。通过理论分析明确影响充-投种性能的关键因素,并以吸孔直径、吸孔数量与进风量为变量,开展二次正交旋转回归试验,建立排种性能回归模型并优化参数组合。结果表明,在作业速度15 km/h条件下,吸孔直径为6.21 mm、吸孔数量为25、进风量为265.98 m^(3)/h,排种器排种性能最优,合格指数达98.14%,重播指数为1.46%,漏播指数为0.40%。通过对比试验得出,在14 km/h作业条件下,使用带扰动槽的排种盘时,排种合格指数提升1.99个百分点,漏播指数降低2.12个百分点,株距变异系数降低1.48个百分点;使用推种结构时,株距变异系数降低3.2个百分点。田间试验结果表明,在作业速度14.37 km/h条件下,排种合格指数为98.04%、重播指数为0.33%、漏播指数为1.63%、株距变异系数为15.62%,较自研气吸式排种器合格指数提升7.6个百分点、重播指数降低2.9个百分点、漏播指数降低4.7个百分点、株距变异系数降低4.42个百分点,验证了所研制的气压式玉米精量排种器具备良好的高速作业性能。研究结果可为气压式高速玉米精量排种器优化设计提供参考。
With the accelerating trend of large-scale agricultural cultivation,high-speed,high-efficiency,and high-precision seeding has become a critical technological approach to simultaneously enhancing maize yield and economic returns.However,the seeding accuracy of existing seed metering devices declined significantly with the increase of working speed,failing to meet the demands of high-speed applications.To address the issues of insufficient seed filling and inconsistent seed placement in pneumatic precision maize seed metering device working at speeds above 12km/h,a disturbance groove structure was proposed to improve seed flowability,reduce filling resistance,and enhance filling performance.Additionally,a seed-pushing mechanism integrating broken-seed removal and active seed pushing functions was designed to eliminate broken seeds and ensure consistent seed release position.Through theoretical analysis,the critical factors influencing seed filling and release performance were identified.A Box-Behnken response surface methodology experiment was conducted with hole diameter,number of hole,and airflow rate as variables,resulting in the establishment of a regression model for performance evaluation and optimization of parameter combinations.Results indicated that at working speed of 15km/h,optimal performance was achieved with hole diameter of 6.21mm,25 holes,and airflow rate of 265.98m^(3)/h,yielding qualified index of 98.14%,multiple-seeding index of 1.46%,and missing-seeding index of 0.40%.The results of the comparative experiment showed that under the working condition of 14km/h,when using a seed plate with disturbance groove structure,the qualified index was increased by 1.99 percentage points,the missing seeding index was decreased by 2.12 percentage points,and the plant spacing coefficient of variation was decreased by 1.48 percentage points.When using the seed-pushing mechanism,the plant spacing coefficient of variation was decreased by 3.2 percentage points.Field experiment showed that under the working speed of 14.37km/h,the seed metering device achieved a qualified index of 98.04%,a multiple seeding index of 0.33%,a missing seeding index of 1.63%,and a plant spacing coefficient of variation of 15.62%.Compared with the previously high-speed precision seed metering device with air suction,the qualified index was improved by 7.6 percentage points,the multiple-seeding index was decreased by 2.9 percentage points,the missing seeding index was decreased by 4.7 percentage points,and the plant spacing coefficient of variation was decreased by 4.42 percentage points,confirming its superior performance under high-speed conditions.The research result can provide valuable insights for the structural optimization of pneumatic high-speed precision maize seed-metering device.
作者
李治民
安绍毅
杨丽
张东兴
和贤桃
崔涛
LI Zhimin;AN Shaoyi;YANG Li;ZHANG Dongxing;HE Xiantao(College of Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China)
出处
《农业机械学报》
北大核心
2025年第9期62-72,128,共12页
Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFD20000404)
国家现代玉米产业技术体系项目(CARS-02)。
关键词
玉米
精量排种器
气压式
高速
推种机构
maize
precision seed-metering device
pneumatic
high-speed
seed-pushing mechanism
