摘要
梳理我国宪法的历史变迁可以发现,对我国宪法上劳动权的解释需秉持演进主义立场。该立场既为职业自由的生成提供了宪法空间,又从保障个体权利、建构统一市场、实现共同富裕三个递进维度奠定了职业自由的规范价值。在规范基础层面,职业自由内含于劳动权之中,以财产权为重要支撑,由社会主义市场经济赋能,与宪法保障人格尊严的价值承诺紧密互联。作为经济权利,职业自由兼具自然自由与法律自由双重属性。自然自由属性要求拓展职业边界,对“职业”的界定秉持开放性与包容性;法律自由属性则要求尊重立法形成空间,在符合法律保留原则的前提下限缩“职业”的范畴。职业自由的规范结构包含三个受保护强度依次递减的权利类型:职业资格取得权、择业自由、从业自由。基于法律保留原则与本土实践,应区分职业资格取得权限制、基于客观条件的择业自由限制、基于主观条件的择业自由限制、真正的从业自由限制、不真正的从业自由限制五个层次,在此基础上构建涉职业自由的合宪性审查与备案审查框架。
A review of the historical evolution of China's Constitution shows that an evolutionary stance should be adopted in interpreting the constitutional right to work.This stance creates constitutional space for the emergence of freedom of occupation and grounds its normative value in three ascending dimensions,i.e.,protecting individual rights,building a unified national market,and achieving common prosperity.At the level of normative foundations,freedom of occupation is embedded within the right to work,supported by property rights,enabled by the socialist market economy,and closely linked to the Constitution's commitment to human dignity.As an economic right,freedom of occupation possesses a dual character combining natural freedom and legal freedom.Its natural-freedom aspect calls for expanding occupational boundaries and adopting an open,inclusive definition of"occupation",while its legal-freedom aspect requires respecting legislative formative space and narrowing the scope of"occupation"under the principle of statutory reservation.The normative structure of freedom of occupation comprises three rights with descending levels of protection,i.e.,the right to obtain occupational qualifications,the freedom to choose an occupation,and the freedom to engage in an occupation.Based on the principle of statutory reservation and local practice,five layers of restrictions should be distinguished among occupational qualifications restrictions,objective-condition limits,subjective-condition limits,genuine restrictions,and non-genuine restrictions.Based on these distinctions,a framework for constitutional review and recordation review concerning freedom of occupation can be established.
出处
《法学研究》
北大核心
2025年第6期36-52,共17页
Chinese Journal of Law
关键词
基本权利
职业自由
劳动权
择业自由
合宪性审查
fundamental right
freedom of occupation
right to work
freedom to choose an occupation
constitutional review
