摘要
在后殖民国家,殖民时期的跨境族群流动与殖民统治策略共同塑造的族群分裂结构,构成了国家建构进程中的核心挑战。然而,相似的非对称族群结构可能导致截然不同的政治发展路径。通过构建阶级政治与族群裂隙互动模式的类型学框架,本文为理解族群分裂国家的族群间关系提供了新的理论视角。殖民时期左翼政治对各族群的渗透程度影响了独立后的政党体系形态,并通过笼络机会和族群内竞价程度等机制塑造主导族群的策略选择。基于对马来西亚族群政治的过程追踪,本文验证了这一理论的解释力。殖民时期,马来亚的左翼政治主要与少数族群华人相结合,但并未成功渗透主导族群。在冷战背景下,来自族群与阶级身份的双重威胁使马来人右翼政党巫统不仅具有构建跨族群政党联盟的激励,还能够通过巩固自身主导地位来规避激烈的族群内政党竞争对跨族群合作的颠覆。右翼族群政党联盟体系成型后具备长期的稳定性,直到近年来随着“两线制”的兴起才逐渐“解冻”。尽管族群议题始终是影响马来西亚政治走向的重要变量,但制度化的族群间权力分享机制有效抑制了大规模族群冲突和暴力的发生。
In postcolonial states,the ethnic fragmentation structure shaped by cross-border ethnic mobility and colonial governance strategies constitutes a core challenge in the process of state-building.However,similar asymmetric ethnic structures can lead to vastly different political development paths.This study constructs a typological framework based on the interaction patterns between class politics and ethnic cleavages,offering a new theoretical perspective for understanding inter-ethnic relations in ethnically divided states.The penetration of leftist politics across ethnic groups during the colonial period shaped post-independence party systems by influencing the strategic behavior of dominant ethnic elites through mechanisms of co-optation opportunity and intra-ethnic competition.By tracing the development of ethnic politics in Malaysia,this study tests the explanatory power of this theory.During the colonial period,leftist politics in Malaya was primarily associated with the Chinese minority,failing to effectively penetrate the dominant Malay group.In the context of the Cold War,the dual threat posed by ethnic and class identities motivated the Malay right-wing party,UMNO,not only to build cross-ethnic party alliances,but also to consolidate its dominance to avoid intra-ethnic party competition that could disrupt inter-ethnic cooperation.Once institutionalized,the right-wing ethnic party alliance system exhibited long-term stability,remaining largely“frozen”until the rise of the“two-coalition system”in recent years.Although ethnic issues have remained a crucial variable influencing Malaysia s political trajectory,the institutionalized mechanisms of inter-ethnic power-sharing have effectively suppressed the occurrence of large-scale ethnic conflict and violence.
作者
俞驰韬
YU Chitao(Department of Political Science,National University of Singapore,Singapore)
出处
《东南亚研究》
2025年第6期25-49,154,155,共27页
Southeast Asian Studies
