摘要
17—18世纪,清朝对疆域和边界的控制日趋严格,但措施的强化并未能消除人口跨界流动现象。从19世纪初开始,不断有布哈拉人越入清朝境内,这一现象持续了大半个世纪,直至布哈拉沦为俄国附庸方告结束。越界进入清朝的布哈拉人基本为下层平民,尤以商人居多。他们或因自然原因,或因人为因素,从遥远的中亚进入清朝黑龙江、乌梁海等地,反映出亚洲内部互动网络中商品贸易的繁盛与下层民众的悲惨命运共存的景象。面对越界布哈拉人,清朝以“呼伦贝尔模式”和“乌梁海模式”两种处理方式为主,经简单讯问,再将其由新疆遣回原籍。清朝虽对越界布哈拉人严格限制,但这种边疆管理并未带来真正的安全。“画地为牢”的边疆管理、效率低下的情报搜集以及官僚系统内部缺乏有效沟通和协作,深刻影响了清朝边疆管理的成效,这也是后来清朝与西方国家竞争时处于不利局面的部分原因。
In the 17^(th) and 18^(th) centuries,the Qing Dynasty sought to tighten its control over territories and frontiers,but its strengthening measures failed to halt cross-border population movements.From the beginning of the 19"century,increasing numbers of Bukharans entered the Qing domains.Such phenomenon persisted for more than half a century until Bukhara was reduced to a Russian protectorate.Most of those migrants were lower-class civilians,especially merchants.They were driven by natural or human factors and travelled from remote Central Asia to frontier regions of the Qing Dynasty,such as Heilongjiang and Uriankhai,reflecting a picture of the coexistence of the prosperousness of merchandise trade and the miserable fate of lower ordinary people in the intra-Asian interaction networks.Facing Bukharanscrossing the borders,the Qing Dynasty primarily adopted two measures of‘Hulunbuir model’and‘Uriankhai model’to deal with that issue.More specifically,those Bukharans were briefly interrogated and repatriated to their homelands via Xinjiang.Although the Qing Dynasty strictly restricted Bukharans crossing the borders,that frontier governance did not effectively bring real security.Practices,such as constraining frontier governance,inefficient intelligence gathering,and weak bureaucratic communication and cooperation,profoundly affected the effectiveness of the frontier governance of the Qing Dynasty,which to some extent contributed to the disadvantage position of the Qing Dynasty in its competition with the Western powers in later times.
出处
《世界历史》
北大核心
2025年第5期33-57,193,共26页
World History
