摘要
软物质准晶通过分子自组装实现,这赋予了软物质准晶在设计与调控上的独特优势,不仅大幅降低了合成难度,还为实现多尺度有序与功能化材料提供了新的途径。目前,在软物质系统如树状大分子、ABC三臂星型聚合物、嵌段共聚物、表面活性剂和二元胶体纳米粒子等软物质材料中观察到的准晶相,大多形成十二次轴对称准晶。软物质准晶的研究交叉了超分子化学、有机化学、胶体化学、高分子化学、软物质物理学等学科方向。软物质准晶的形成依赖于复杂的分子设计和分级自组装结构尺度的调控,作为新型的自组装体系,其独特的非周期有序结构为功能材料设计提供了新思路。虽然在嵌段共聚物、树状大分子等几类软物质中发现几例准晶,但对准晶形成原理的研究仍处在对偶然产物的结构分析阶段,如何从头设计合成一个准晶体,仍是困扰科学家的问题。在对于合金准晶的认知基础上,软物质准晶研究亟待建立新的研究范式,这些范式可以大幅加快具备热力学稳定或长期亚稳态软物质准晶的新结构设计与合成,为其在其他领域的研究提供材料的来源和渠道。本文系统地回顾了准晶的基本概念与研究背景,在总结软物质准晶形成的条件和典型案例的基础上,重点探讨了软物质准晶的构筑策略,提出了两种软物质准晶的构建思路:基于经验的准晶近似体逼近法和基于理论计算推测的逆合成方法,为软准晶的理性设计与功能化应用提供参考。
Soft matter quasicrystals are realized through molecular self-assembly,which confers unique advantages in design and regulation.This approach not only significantly reduces synthesis complexity but also offers novel pathways for achieving multiscale order and functionalized materials.Currently,quasicrystalline phases have been observed in soft matter systems such as dendrimers,ABC tridentate star polymers,block copolymers,surfactants,and binary colloidal nanoparticles,predominantly forming dodecagonal axisymmetric quasicrystals.Research on soft matter quasicrystals intersects with disciplines including supramolecular chemistry,organic chemistry,colloid chemistry,polymer chemistry,and soft matter physics.The formation of soft matter quasicrystals relies on sophisticated molecular design and the regulation of hierarchical self-assembly structures.As novel self-assembled systems,their unique non-periodic ordered structures offer fresh perspectives for functional material design.Despite a few examples of quasicrystals discovered in block copolymers and dendritic macromolecules,current research remains largely focused on structural analysis of serendipitously obtained phases.The rational design and synthesis of quasicrystals from first principles remains a major challenge in the field.Building on insights from metallic quasicrystals,there is an urgent need to establish new research paradigms for soft matter quasicrystals.Such paradigms could significantly accelerate the rational design and synthesis of thermodynamically stable or long-lived metastable soft quasicrystalline structures,thus providing new material platforms for applications in diverse fields.This paper systematically reviews the fundamental concepts and research background of quasicrystals.Building upon a summary of the conditions for soft matter quasicrystal formation and typical case studies,it focuses on exploring construction strategies for soft matter quasicrystals.Two approaches for designing soft matter quasicrystals are proposed:an empirical method based on approximating quasicrystal analogues and a theoretical approach based on computational prediction through reverse synthesis.These strategies provide a reference for the rational design and functional applications of soft quasicrystals.
作者
刘垚宏
解明思
陈芃
刘衡
贾高军
张春秀
于海峰
LIU Yaohong;XIE Mingsi;CHEN Peng;LIU Heng;JIA Gaojun;ZHANG Chunxiu;YU Haifeng(College of Printing and Packing Engineering,Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication,Beijing 102600,China;School of Materials Science and Engineering,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)
出处
《液晶与显示》
北大核心
2025年第11期1569-1587,共19页
Chinese Journal of Liquid Crystals and Displays
基金
国家自然科学基金(No.52173066)
北京印刷学院项目(No.Ea202501)。
关键词
软物质准晶
自组装
合成
十二次旋转对称
准周期结构
soft matter quasicrystals
self-assembly
synthesis
twelvefold rotational symmetry
quasiperiodic structure
