摘要
黄铜矿作为全球铜资源的重要载体,其高效、绿色浸出技术对铜资源的可持续开发至关重要。重点探讨了黄铜矿在生物浸出、化学浸出及强化预处理技术中矿物相变重构机制,并评述了湿法氧化技术的研究进展。黄铜矿在湿法浸出体系中可定向转化为铁氧化物、铜盐及硫酸盐。基于浸出条件等多因素协同调控,黄铜矿中的硫可转变为多种物相,黄铜矿表面的钝化层受控于硫物相的空间分布。生物浸出方面,生物菌种择优及菌群协同作用,消除钝化层对浸出的抑制行为,显著提升黄铜矿的浸出效率。构建并开发新的化学氧化浸出体系,提高铜的选择性氧化能力,降低药剂消耗量。强化预处理技术通过改变矿物微观结构,降低黄铜矿表面活化能,改变黄铜矿界面特性,强化黄铜矿的浸出行为。另外,展望了多技术耦合协同氧化浸出的发展方向,为实现黄铜矿资源的高效利用与低碳冶金提供了理论支撑与技术参考。
Chalcopyrite(CuFeS_(2))is the predominant form of copper in global resources.Developing efficient and environmentally friendly extraction technologies for chalcopyrite is crucial for ensuring the security of strategic metal supplies.Conventional methods,such as oxidative or sulfating roasting followed by leaching,are energy-intensive and generate large volumes of SO_(2) and other harmful gases,leading to severe atmospheric pollution.While sulfidation roasting avoids the issue of SO_(2) gas,it requires a protective gas atmosphere,making it difficult to implement on an industrial scale.This study aims to investigate the phase transformation and reconstruction of chalcopyrite under various pretreatment conditions combined with hydrometallurgical leaching systems.It focuses on addressing the key scientific challenge of the surface passivation layer that inhibits leaching efficiency.The ultimate goals are to achieve selective and efficient copper extraction,control the directional conversion of sulfur,and develop a low-carbon process.This research will provide theoretical support for establishing a clean metallurgical technology system for chalcopyrite resources.A research strategy integrating multiple characterization techniques and leaching systems was employed.The phase transformation of sulfur compounds on the chalcopyrite surface and its mechanism in forming the passivation layer were thoroughly analyzed.The results indicate that the primary transformation products of chalcopyrite are hematite(Fe_(2)O_(3)),copper sulfate(CuSO_(4)),and elemental sulfur(S0).The conversion path of sulfur element is S_(2)-to S0,and finally SO_(4)^(2-)is generated.The accumulation of intermediate state S0 is the main reason for surface passivation.In bioleaching processes,a synergistic microbial consortium is constructed.The Fe3+and H+ions produced through microbial metabolism facilitate the selective dissolution of the surface sulfur layer.This process is environmentally clean,as it produces no harmful gases.However,its industrial application is limited by several drawbacks:a long leaching period,extended time required for microbial culture and domestication,and a relatively low copper leaching efficiency.To enhance copper selectivity,chemical leaching systems employing free radical electron transfer pathways—utilizing iron sulfate,hydrogen peroxide,chloride,and other agents—have been developed.These processes are generally mild and less corrosive,yet they often suffer from low leaching efficiency and difficulties in recyclizing the oxidants.Although ionic liquid leaching is environmentally friendly,efficient,and highly selective,its poor adaptability and high operational costs hinder industrial scalability.Ammonium salt leaching offers good selectivity and high efficiency,but it demands large consumption of oxygen and ammonia,creates a harsh working environment,and thus has not been widely applied.In contrast,pressure acid leaching offers short processing time,high efficiency,and good selectivity,making it a promising technology with broadening application prospects.Pretreatment methods can selectively alter the mineral phase structure and improve leaching efficiency.Mechanical activation and microwave thermal activation,used as pretreatments prior to pressure leaching or bioleaching,can significantly enhance process efficiency and extend the applicability of these methods.Furthermore,the introduction of microwave and ultrasonic irradiation during leaching can modify the internal structure of chalcopyrite and reduce the surface passivation layer,thereby improving leaching kinetics.These enhanced activation pretreatments and leaching processes are characterized by low energy consumption and minimal pollutant emissions,representing a promising research direction for the efficient utilization of low-grade complex polymetallic resources such as chalcopyrite.Through the coupling of multiple technologies,the limitations of any single method can be overcome,offering an innovative pathway toward efficient,clean,and low-carbon development of chalcopyrite resources.Future research should prioritize real-time monitoring of interfacial reactions,strategies for regulating microbial metabolism,and the development of novel green oxidants to advance chalcopyrite hydrometallurgy toward greater intelligence and precision.
作者
牛会群
汤祥凯
杨洪英
康华
NIU Huiqun;TANG Xiangkai;YANG Hongying;KANG Hua(College of Mineral Engineering,Heilongjiang University of Science and Technology,Harbin 150000,China;School of Metallurgy,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110819,China)
出处
《有色金属(中英文)》
北大核心
2025年第10期1732-1748,共17页
Nonferrous Metals
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52274348)
黑龙江省“优秀青年教师基础研究支持计划”项目(YQJH2023091)。
关键词
黄铜矿
湿法氧化
矿物相变
结构重构
钝化层
chalcopyrite
hydrometallurgical oxidation
phase transformation
structural reconstruction
passivation layer
