摘要
【目的】近几十年来,我国东北黑土区玉米种植过程中普遍存在磷肥施用过量、磷肥利用率低的问题。研究优化施肥方式并结合磷肥施用频次对春玉米产量、肥料利用率以及土壤磷盈亏的影响,可为东北玉米产区磷肥资源的高效利用、节本增效提供理论依据。【方法】于2018—2023年在吉林省公主岭市玉米主产区开展了一项为期6年、包括两个试验周期的田间定位试验,在推荐年施磷量(P2O5100 kg/hm^(2))的基础上,设置了4个磷肥施用频次处理:P0(不施磷肥)、P1(三年施一次)、P2(三年施两次)、P3(每年施一次),其对应的三年磷肥施用量依次为:0、100、200、300 kg/hm^(2)。每年玉米收获后,采集植株样品和耕层土壤样品,分析玉米生物量和磷素吸收量、土壤有效磷含量,研究不同磷肥施用频次下玉米产量、磷肥利用率、土壤磷表观平衡的变化。【结果】与P3处理相比,P1处理显著降低了玉米产量和地上部磷吸收量,而P2处理的玉米产量和地上部磷积累量在各年际间均无显著差异。P2处理的磷累积回收率(REP)、农学效率(AEP)和偏生产力(PFPP)分别达25.1%、20.5 kg/kg和172.7 kg/kg,较P3处理分别增加了4.9个百分点、6.2 kg/kg和56.9 kg/kg,磷生理利用率较P1、P3处理分别增加了16.4和3.5 kg/kg。P0处理土壤有效磷含量随试验年限的增加先显著降低后趋于平稳,年均下降5.7 mg/kg;P1和P2处理在其不施磷年份的土壤有效磷含量低于P3处理,但在恢复供磷后可快速提升土壤有效磷含量,与P3处理无显著差异。试验周期内P1和P2处理的土壤磷素处于亏缺状态,年均P2O5表观亏缺量分别为36.3和6.4 kg/hm^(2),P3处理的土壤磷素处于盈余状态,年均表观盈余量为23.6 kg/hm^(2)。磷肥施用频次影响土壤氮、钾表观平衡,P1、P2和P3处理的土壤氮素表观平衡分别表现为盈余、基本平衡和略有亏缺,而钾素由于秸秆移走年均K_(2)O亏缺量分别为51.9、65.3、66.2 kg/hm^(2)。P2处理能够较好地维持玉米氮钾养分吸收和养分平衡,且与P3处理无显著差异。【结论】在吉林省中南部玉米连作体系下,每三年施一次磷肥会造成玉米减产,显著降低土壤有效磷含量,而三年施用两次与每年施用一次磷肥相比,玉米产量、地上部磷素吸收量及土壤有效磷含量均无显著差异;后者不仅提高了磷肥利用率,还大幅降低了土壤磷素盈余,实现了土壤氮、磷表观基本平衡。因此,在当前土壤磷素水平和推荐施磷量条件下,每三年施用两次磷肥是吉林省中南部黑土区玉米生产中合理的磷肥管理方式。
【Objectives】Excessive phosphorus(P)fertilizer application in the black soil region of Northeast China has led to low P use efficiency in recent decades.This study examines the effects of optimized fertilization combined with P application frequency on spring maize yield,fertilizer use efficiency,and soil P balance,providing theoretical support for improving P resource utilization and cost-effectiveness in maize-producing areas of Northeast China.【Methods】A six-year field experiment(2018-2023)with two-experiment-cycle design was conducted in Gongzhuling,Jilin Province,a major maize-producing region.Under a recommended P application rate of 100 kg P2O5/hm^(2),four treatments were implemented:P0(no P fertilizer),P1(one P fertilizer application event every three years),P2(two P fertilizer application events every three years),and P3(P applied annually).Following each maize harvest,plant and tilled-layer soil samples were collected annually to determine maize biomass,P uptake,and soil Olsen P content.These measurements were used to investigate changes in maize yield,P use efficiency,and apparent P balance across different phosphorus application frequencies.【Results】Compared to the P3 treatment,the P1 treatment significantly reduced maize yield and P uptake,while the P2 treatment showed no significant yield and P uptake difference across years.The P2 treatment achieved a P recovery efficiency(REP)of 25.1%,agronomic efficiency(AEP)of 20.5 kg/kg,and partial factor productivity(PFPP)of 172.7 kg/kg,which were 4.9 percentage points,6.2 kg/kg,and 56.9 kg/kg higher than the P3 treatment,respectively.The P2 treatment also demonstrated higher P physiological use efficiency,increasing by 16.4 kg/kg and 3.5 kg/kg compared to the P1 and P3 treatments,respectively.Long-term P deficiency led to a significant decrease followed by stabilization in soil Olsen P content,with an average annual decrease of 5.7 mg/kg during the experimental period.In years without P application,the soil Olsen P content in the P1 and P2 treatments was lower than in the P3 treatment.However,it recovered rapidly upon resuming P application,showing no significant difference from P3 treatment.Throughout the experimental cycle,the P1 and P2 treatments resulted in soil phosphorus deficits,with mean annual apparent P2O5 deficits of 36.3 and 6.4 kg/hm^(2),respectively.In contrast,the P3 treatment maintained a phosphorus surplus,exhibiting a mean annual apparent surplus of 23.6 kg/hm^(2).Phosphorus application frequency significantly influenced the apparent balance of soil nitrogen(N)and potassium(K).Specifically,the apparent N balance was in surplus,near balance,and in slight deficit for the P1,P2,and P3 treatments,respectively.K balances were deficient across all treatments,with mean annual K_(2)O deficits of 51.9,65.3,and 66.2 kg/hm^(2)for P1,P2,and P3,respectively,attributable to straw removal.Additionally,the P2 treatment effectively maintained N and K uptake and nutrient balance,showing no significant difference compared to the P3 treatment.【Conclusions】In the continuous maize cropping system of Central and southern Jilin,one P fertilizer application event every three years reduces maize yields and depletes soil P,significantly lowering soil Olsen P content.However,there is no significant difference between two P fertilizer application events every three years and P applied annually in terms of maize yield,P uptake and the soil Olsen-P content,which not only improves the P fertilizer utilization rate,but also greatly reduces soil P surplus,and maintain basic N and P apparent balances.Under current soil P levels and recommended P application rates,applying P fertilizer twice within a three-year period offers a viable strategy for optimizing P use and enhancing P resource efficiency in maize production in the black soil region of Central and Southern Jilin.
作者
赵青松
李凤敏
杨富强
徐新朋
丁文成
仇少君
赵士诚
侯云鹏
何萍
周卫
ZHAO Qing-song;LI Feng-min;YANG Fu-qiang;XU Xin-peng;DING Wen-cheng;QIU Shao-Jun;ZHAO Shi-cheng;HOU Yun-peng;HE Ping;ZHOU Wei(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arable Land in China/Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,Beijing 100081,China;Sinofert Holding Limited,Beijing 100069;Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Agro-Environment in Northeast Region,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs,China/Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment,Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Changchun,Jilin 130033,China)
出处
《植物营养与肥料学报》
北大核心
2025年第9期1777-1787,共11页
Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2300402)
农田智慧施肥项目(20221805)
吉林省科技发展计划项目(20220202024NC)
中国农业科学院科技创新工程。
关键词
玉米产量
施磷频次
磷素吸收
磷肥利用率
磷素表观平衡
maize yield
phosphorus application frequency
phosphorus uptake
phosphorus fertilizer use efficiency
phosphorus apparent balance
