摘要
诈骗罪以被害人财产损失的发生为必要构成要件之一。刑事被害人的明确对财产损失的认定具有不容忽视的前提性作用,仅将最终损失承担者作为被害人存在以民事分配结果倒推刑事被害人的误区。刑事被害人的认定须首先确定被骗者为直接被害人,再依据新“同一阵营说”判断第三人是否具有被害人身份。对被害人财产损失有无的认定应进行双层次实质判断,即结合客观事实层面和被害人处分目的予以认定。有必要区分反对给付和返还财产,反对给付仅在判断财产损失有无时发挥实质性限定的作用,其与行为人返还、赔偿等法益恢复行为皆不影响损失数额的计算。在“两头骗”和“连环骗”的场合,应当累计多个诈骗行为被害人的损失,行为人归还的财产数额不予扣除更符合保护财产法益的要求,且能够确保犯罪构成理论关于既未遂判断标准的一贯性。骗取国家福利补贴有必要区分骗取补助款和配给诈骗两种类型,结合被害人的决定性处分目的,对其是否成立诈骗罪进行限缩。
The crime of fraud requires the occurrence of property loss to the victim as one of its essential constituent elements.The clear identification of the criminal victim plays a pivotal and prerequisite role in determining property loss that cannot be overlooked.Merely designating the ultimate bearer of the loss as the victim constitutes a misconception that reversely infers the crim-inal victim based on the outcome of civil liability distribution.To identify the criminal victim,one must first establish the deceived party as the direct victim and then determine whether a third party possesses victim status based on the new“same camp”theory.The determination of whether the victim has suffered property loss necessitates a dual-layered substantive assessment,taking into ac-count both objective factual circumstances and the victim’s purpose in disposing of their property.It is essential to distinguish between counter-performance and the return of property.Counter-per-formance solely serves a substantive limiting function in assessing the presence of property loss,whereas it,along with the offender’s acts of restitution,compensation,or other legal interest restoration behaviors,does not affect the calculation of the loss amount.In cases involving“dou-ble deception”and“chain deception”,the losses incurred by victims of multiple fraudulent acts should be aggregated and the amount of property returned by the offender should not be deducted,as this aligns more closely with the requirements of protecting property legal interests and ensures the consistency of the criteria for determining completed and attempted offenses within the frame-work of crime constitution theory.When it comes to defrauding national welfare subsidies,it is necessary to differentiate between two types:fraudulent acquisition of subsidies and rationing fraud.Based on the victim’s decisive purpose in disposing of their property,a restrictive assess-ment should be conducted to determine whether such acts constitute the crime of fraud.
作者
简爱
刘秋杉
Jian Ai;Liu Qiushan
出处
《法治社会》
2025年第4期10-24,共15页
Law-Based Society
基金
国家社科基金一般项目“刑民交叉案件的实体判断与诉讼处理机制研究”(项目批准号:21BFX185)的阶段性成果。
关键词
诈骗罪
刑事被害人
反对给付
财产损失
刑民交叉
Crime of Fraud
Criminal Victims
Counter-Performance
Property Loss
Intersection of Criminal and Civil Law
